21.等值线图（Counter Plot）、Contour Demo、Creating a “meshgrid”、Calculation of the Values、等

21.等值线图（Counter Plot）
21.1.Contour Demo
21.2.Creating a “meshgrid”
21.3.Calculation of the Values
21.4.Changing the Colours and the Line Style
21.5.Filled Contours
21.6.Individual Colours

21.等值线图（Counter Plot）

两个变量函数的等值线(或等高线)是函数具有常数值的曲线。它是平行于x，y平面的函数f(x,y)的三维图的横截面。

例如在地理和气象学使用登高线。在制图中，等高线连接高于给定水平的相等高度的点，例如平均海平面。

我们还可以更一般地说，具有两个变量的函数的等值线是连接具有相同值的点的曲线。

contour和contourf都是画三维等高线图的，不同点在于contour() 是绘制轮廓线，contourf()会填充轮廓。

21.1.Contour Demo

举例说明简单的等值线绘图: 图像上的等值线, 以及用于等值线的色条(colorbar)以及标记的等高线。

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

使用默认颜色创建带有标签的简单等值线图。 clabel的inline参数将控制是否在等值线的线段上绘制标签，从而去除标签下方的线。

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z)
ax.clabel(CS, inline=1, fontsize=10)
ax.set_title('Simplest default with labels')

即：

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z)
ax.clabel(CS, inline=1, fontsize=10)
ax.set_title('Simplest default with labels')

plt.show()

通过提供的数据坐标中的位置列表可以手动放置等值线标签。

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z)
manual_locations = [(-1, -1.4), (-0.62, -0.7), (-2, 0.5), (1.7, 1.2), (2.0, 1.4), (2.4, 1.7)]
ax.clabel(CS, inline=1, fontsize=10, manual=manual_locations)
ax.set_title('labels at selected locations')

你可以强制所有等值线为相同颜色。

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, 6,
                colors='k'    # negative contours will be dashed by default
                )
ax.clabel(CS, fontsize=9, inline=1)
ax.set_title('Single color - negative contours dashed')

plt.show()

可以将负等值线设置为实线而不是虚线：

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

matplotlib.rcParams['contour.negative_linestyle'] = 'solid'
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, 6,
                 colors='k',  # negative contours will be dashed by default
                 )
ax.clabel(CS, fontsize=9, inline=1)
ax.set_title('Single color - negative contours solid')

plt.show()

可以手动指定等值线的颜色：

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

matplotlib.rcParams['contour.negative_linestyle'] = 'solid'
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, 6,
                linewidths=np.arange(.5, 4, .5),
                 colors=('r', 'green', 'blue', (1, 1, 0), '#afeeee', '0.5'),  # negative contours will be dashed by default
                 )
ax.clabel(CS, fontsize=9, inline=1)
ax.set_title('Single color - negative contours solid')

plt.show()

可以使用颜色图(colormap)来指定颜色。 默认的颜色图(colormap)将用于等值线。

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
im = ax.imshow(Z, interpolation='bilinear', origin='lower',
                cmap=cm.gray, extent=(-3, 3, -2, 2))
levels = np.arange(-1.2, 1.6, 0.2)
CS = ax.contour(Z, levels, origin='lower', cmap='flag',
                linewidths=2, extent=(-3, 3, -2, 2))

# Thicken the zero contour.
zc = CS.collections[6]
plt.setp(zc, linewidth=4)

ax.clabel(CS, levels[1::2],  # label every second level
          inline=1, fmt='%1.1f', fontsize=14)

# make a colorbar for the contour lines
CB = fig.colorbar(CS, shrink=0.8, extend='both')

ax.set_title('Lines with colorbar')

# We can still add a colorbar for the image, too.
CBI = fig.colorbar(im, orientation='horizontal', shrink=0.8)

# This makes the original colorbar look a bit out of place,
# so let's improve its position.

l, b, w, h = ax.get_position().bounds
ll, bb, ww, hh = CB.ax.get_position().bounds
CB.ax.set_position([ll, b + 0.1*h, ww, h*0.8])


plt.show()

21.2.Creating a “meshgrid”

import numpy as np

xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 3)
ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 4)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist)
print(xlist)
print(ylist)
print(X)
print(Y)
"""
输出结果：
[-3.  0.  3.]
[-3. -1.  1.  3.]
[[-3.  0.  3.]
 [-3.  0.  3.]
 [-3.  0.  3.]
 [-3.  0.  3.]]
[[-3. -3. -3.]
 [-1. -1. -1.]
 [ 1.  1.  1.]
 [ 3.  3.  3.]]
"""

21.3.Calculation of the Values

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 3)
ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 4)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist)
Z = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
print(Z)
"""
输出结果：
[[4.24264069 3.         4.24264069]
 [3.16227766 1.         3.16227766]
 [3.16227766 1.         3.16227766]
 [4.24264069 3.         4.24264069]]
"""

plt.figure()
cp = plt.contour(X, Y, Z)
plt.clabel(cp, inline=True,
          fontsize=10)
plt.title('Contour Plot')
plt.xlabel('x (cm)')
plt.ylabel('y (cm)')
plt.show()

21.4.Changing the Colours and the Line Style

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 3)
ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 4)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist)
Z = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
print(Z)
"""
输出结果：
[[4.24264069 3.         4.24264069]
 [3.16227766 1.         3.16227766]
 [3.16227766 1.         3.16227766]
 [4.24264069 3.         4.24264069]]
"""

plt.figure()
cp = plt.contour(X, Y, Z, colors='black', linestyles='dashed')
plt.clabel(cp, inline=True,
          fontsize=10)
plt.title('Contour Plot')
plt.xlabel('x (cm)')
plt.ylabel('y (cm)')
plt.show()

21.5.Filled Contours

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 100)
ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 100)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist)
Z = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
plt.figure()
cp = plt.contourf(X, Y, Z)
plt.colorbar(cp)
plt.title('Filled Contours Plot')
plt.xlabel('x (cm)')
plt.ylabel('y (cm)')
plt.show()

21.6.Individual Colours

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 100)
ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 100)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist)
Z = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
plt.figure()
contour = plt.contourf(X, Y, Z)
plt.clabel(contour, colors = 'k', fmt = '%2.1f', fontsize=12)
c = ('#ff0000', '#ffff00', '#0000FF', '0.6', 'c', 'm')
contour_filled = plt.contourf(X, Y, Z, colors=c)
plt.colorbar(contour)
plt.title('Filled Contours Plot')
plt.xlabel('x (cm)')
plt.ylabel('y (cm)')
plt.show()

21.7.Levels

到目前为止，levels是由contour和contourf自动确定的。 通过提供一个levels列表作为第四个参数，可以手动定义它们。 如果使用等值线，则会为列表中的每个值绘制等值线。 对于contourf，列表中的值之间将填充彩色区域。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 100)
ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 100)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist)
Z = np.sqrt(X ** 2 + Y ** 2 )
plt.figure()
levels = [0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5]
contour = plt.contour(X, Y, Z, levels, colors='k')
plt.clabel(contour, colors = 'k', fmt = '%2.1f', fontsize=12)
contour_filled = plt.contourf(X, Y, Z, levels)
plt.colorbar(contour_filled)
plt.title('Plot from level list')
plt.xlabel('x (cm)')
plt.ylabel('y (cm)')
plt.show()