地址对齐

alignment requirement @cppreference.com

" The C++ standard does not specify packing behavior for aligning on boundaries smaller than the compiler default for the target platform, so you still need to use the Microsoft #pragma pack in that case. " Alignment (C++ Declarations) @msdn

#pragma pack(n) " The alignment of a member will be on a boundary that is either a multiple of n or a multiple of the size of the member, whichever is smaller. " @msdn

" The sizeof value for any structure is the offset of the final member, plus that member's size, rounded up to the nearest multiple of the largest member alignment value or the whole structure alignment value, whichever is larger. " @Microsoft-specific extension align (C++)

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大端模式和小端模式

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Bit field @cppreference.com

C++ Bit Fields @msdn

Storage of Bit Fields @msdn

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" All atomic types except for std::atomic_flag may be implemented using mutexes or other locking operations, rather than using the lock-free atomic CPU instructions. Atomic types are also allowed to be sometimes lock-free, e.g. if only aligned memory accesses are naturally atomic on a given architecture, misaligned objects of the same type have to use locks. " @std::atomic::is_lock_free