基于tensorflow2的模型定点化（mnist数据集）

Copyright 2020 The TensorFlow Authors.

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Quantization aware training in Keras example

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Overview

Welcome to an end-to-end example for quantization aware training.

Other pages

For an introduction to what quantization aware training is and to determine if you should use it (including what’s supported), see the overview page.

To quickly find the APIs you need for your use case (beyond fully-quantizing a model with 8-bits), see the
comprehensive guide.

Summary

In this tutorial, you will:

1. Train a tf.keras model for MNIST from scratch.
2. Fine tune the model by applying the quantization aware training API, see the accuracy, and
   export a quantization aware model.
3. Use the model to create an actually quantized model for the TFLite
   backend.
4. See the persistence of accuracy in
   TFLite and a 4x smaller model. To see the latency benefits on mobile, try out the TFLite examples in the TFLite app repository.

Setup

! pip uninstall -y tensorflow
! pip install -q tf-nightly
! pip install -q tensorflow-model-optimization

WARNING: Skipping tensorflow as it is not installed.
ERROR: tensorflow-gpu 2.1.0 has requirement gast==0.2.2, but you'll have gast 0.3.3 which is incompatible.
ERROR: tensorflow-gpu 2.1.0 has requirement tensorboard<2.2.0,>=2.1.0, but you'll have tensorboard 2.2.1 which is incompatible.
  WARNING: Failed to write executable - trying to use .deleteme logic

import tempfile
import os

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow import keras

Train a model for MNIST without quantization aware training

# Load MNIST dataset
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()

# Normalize the input image so that each pixel value is between 0 to 1.
train_images = train_images / 255.0
test_images = test_images / 255.0

# Define the model architecture.
model = keras.Sequential([
  keras.layers.InputLayer(input_shape=(28, 28)),
  keras.layers.Reshape(target_shape=(28, 28, 1)),
  keras.layers.Conv2D(filters=12, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu),
  keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)),
  keras.layers.Flatten(),
  keras.layers.Dense(10)
])

# Train the digit classification model
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
              metrics=['accuracy'])

model.fit(
  train_images,
  train_labels,
  epochs=1,
  validation_split=0.1,
)

1688/1688 [==============================] - 5s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2840 - accuracy: 0.9205 - val_loss: 0.1255 - val_accuracy: 0.9635





<tensorflow.python.keras.callbacks.History at 0x19bf2748>

Clone and fine-tune pre-trained model with quantization aware training

Define the model

You will apply quantization aware training to the whole model and see this in the model summary. All layers are now prefixed by “quant”.

Note that the resulting model is quantization aware but not quantized (e.g. the weights are float32 instead of int8). The sections after show how to create a quantized model from the quantization aware one.

In the comprehensive guide, you can see how to quantize some layers for model accuracy improvements.

import tensorflow_model_optimization as tfmot

quantize_model = tfmot.quantization.keras.quantize_model

# q_aware stands for for quantization aware.
q_aware_model = quantize_model(model)

# `quantize_model` requires a recompile.
q_aware_model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
              metrics=['accuracy'])

q_aware_model.summary()

Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
quantize_layer (QuantizeLaye (None, 28, 28)            3         
_________________________________________________________________
quant_reshape (QuantizeWrapp (None, 28, 28, 1)         1         
_________________________________________________________________
quant_conv2d (QuantizeWrappe (None, 26, 26, 12)        147       
_________________________________________________________________
quant_max_pooling2d (Quantiz (None, 13, 13, 12)        1         
_________________________________________________________________
quant_flatten (QuantizeWrapp (None, 2028)              1         
_________________________________________________________________
quant_dense (QuantizeWrapper (None, 10)                20295     
=================================================================
Total params: 20,448
Trainable params: 20,410
Non-trainable params: 38
_________________________________________________________________

Train and evaluate the model against baseline

To demonstrate fine tuning after training the model for just an epoch, fine tune with quantization aware training on a subset of the training data.

train_images_subset = train_images[0:1000] # out of 60000
train_labels_subset = train_labels[0:1000]

q_aware_model.fit(train_images_subset, train_labels_subset,
                  batch_size=500, epochs=1, validation_split=0.1)

2/2 [==============================] - 0s 68ms/step - loss: 0.1414 - accuracy: 0.9644 - val_loss: 0.1628 - val_accuracy: 0.9700





<tensorflow.python.keras.callbacks.History at 0x194eaf28>

For this example, there is minimal to no loss in test accuracy after quantization aware training, compared to the baseline.

_, baseline_model_accuracy = model.evaluate(
    test_images, test_labels, verbose=0)

_, q_aware_model_accuracy = q_aware_model.evaluate(
   test_images, test_labels, verbose=0)

print('Baseline test accuracy:', baseline_model_accuracy)
print('Quant test accuracy:', q_aware_model_accuracy)

Baseline test accuracy: 0.9617000222206116
Quant test accuracy: 0.9639999866485596

Create quantized model for TFLite backend

After this, you have an actually quantized model with int8 weights and uint8 activations.

converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_keras_model(q_aware_model)
converter.optimizations = [tf.lite.Optimize.DEFAULT]

quantized_tflite_model = converter.convert()

WARNING:tensorflow:From d:\python_virtualenv\tf2.1_gpu\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\keras\backend.py:465: set_learning_phase (from tensorflow.python.keras.backend) is deprecated and will be removed after 2020-10-11.
Instructions for updating:
Simply pass a True/False value to the `training` argument of the `__call__` method of your layer or model.
WARNING:tensorflow:From d:\python_virtualenv\tf2.1_gpu\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\tracking\tracking.py:105: Network.state_updates (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.network) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
This property should not be used in TensorFlow 2.0, as updates are applied automatically.
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpcwmu8x7i\assets

See persistence of accuracy from TF to TFLite

Define a helper function to evaluate the TF Lite model on the test dataset.

import numpy as np

def evaluate_model(interpreter):
  input_index = interpreter.get_input_details()[0]["index"]
  output_index = interpreter.get_output_details()[0]["index"]

  # Run predictions on every image in the "test" dataset.
  prediction_digits = []
  for i, test_image in enumerate(test_images):
    if i % 1000 == 0:
      print('Evaluated on {n} results so far.'.format(n=i))
    # Pre-processing: add batch dimension and convert to float32 to match with
    # the model's input data format.
    test_image = np.expand_dims(test_image, axis=0).astype(np.float32)
    interpreter.set_tensor(input_index, test_image)

    # Run inference.
    interpreter.invoke()

    # Post-processing: remove batch dimension and find the digit with highest
    # probability.
    output = interpreter.tensor(output_index)
    digit = np.argmax(output()[0])
    prediction_digits.append(digit)

  print('\n')
  # Compare prediction results with ground truth labels to calculate accuracy.
  prediction_digits = np.array(prediction_digits)
  accuracy = (prediction_digits == test_labels).mean()
  return accuracy

You evaluate the quantized model and see that the accuracy from TensorFlow persists to the TFLite backend.

interpreter = tf.lite.Interpreter(model_content=quantized_tflite_model)
interpreter.allocate_tensors()

test_accuracy = evaluate_model(interpreter)

print('Quant TFLite test_accuracy:', test_accuracy)
print('Quant TF test accuracy:', q_aware_model_accuracy)

Evaluated on 0 results so far.
Evaluated on 1000 results so far.
Evaluated on 2000 results so far.
Evaluated on 3000 results so far.
Evaluated on 4000 results so far.
Evaluated on 5000 results so far.
Evaluated on 6000 results so far.
Evaluated on 7000 results so far.
Evaluated on 8000 results so far.
Evaluated on 9000 results so far.


Quant TFLite test_accuracy: 0.9597
Quant TF test accuracy: 0.9639999866485596

See 4x smaller model from quantization

You create a float TFLite model and then see that the quantized TFLite model
is 4x smaller.

# Create float TFLite model.
float_converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_keras_model(model)
float_tflite_model = float_converter.convert()

# Measure sizes of models.
_, float_file = tempfile.mkstemp('.tflite')
_, quant_file = tempfile.mkstemp('.tflite')

with open(quant_file, 'wb') as f:
  f.write(quantized_tflite_model)

with open(float_file, 'wb') as f:
  f.write(float_tflite_model)

print("Float model in Mb:", os.path.getsize(float_file) / float(2**20))
print("Quantized model in Mb:", os.path.getsize(quant_file) / float(2**20))

INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\tmp9bs1h66a\assets


INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\tmp9bs1h66a\assets


Float model in Mb: 0.08053970336914062
Quantized model in Mb: 0.02347564697265625

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you saw how to create quantization aware models with the TensorFlow Model Optimization Toolkit API and then quantized models for the TFLite backend.

You saw a 4x model size compression benefit for a model for MNIST, with minimal accuracy
difference. To see the latency benefits on mobile, try out the TFLite examples in the TFLite app repository.

We encourage you to try this new capability, which can be particularly important for deployment in resource-constrained environments.