命令式编程 V.S. 声明式编程

命令式编程 V.S. 声明式编程

Programming: Imperative & Declarative

Q：检查 students 里的学生的平均分，并输出平均分的第一名。

struct Student {
    let name: String
    let scores: [Subject: Int]
}

enum Subject: String, CaseIterable {
    case Chinese, Math, English
}

let s1 = Student(
    name: "Foo",
    scores: [.Chinese: 86, .Math: 92, .English: 73]
)

let s2 = Student(
    name: "Bar",
    scores: [.Chinese: 99, .Math: 52, .English: 97]
)

let s3 = Student(
    name: "Joe",
    scores: [.Chinese: 91, .Math: 92, .English: 100]
)

let students = [s1, s2, s3]

命令式编程

一步步告诉计算机怎么做。

// 命令式.swift
var best: (Student, Double)?

for s in students {
    var totalScore = 0
    for key in Subject.allCases {
        totalScore += s.scores[key] ?? 0
    }

    let averageScore = Double(totalScore) /
    	Double(Subject.allCases.count)

    if let temp = best {
        if averageScore > temp.1 {
            best = (s, averageScore)
        }
    } else {
        best = (s, averageScore)
    }
}

print(best?.0.name ?? "no students")

声明式编程

告诉计算机要做什么，具体实现由计算机决定。

函数式

// 函数式.swift

func average(_ scores: [Subject: Int]) -> Double {
    return Double(scores.values.reduce(0, +)) / Double(Subject.allCases.count)
}

let bestStudent = students
    .map { ($0, average($0.scores)) }
    .sorted { $0.1 > $1.1 }
    .first

（我是有点喜欢函数式啦，但 SICP 至今没看完。。）

DSL

例如 SQL：

select name, avg(score) as avs_score 
from scores group by name order by avg_score;

（不喜欢 SQL，我非常讨厌 group by 这种超过一个词的关键字，所以天天用 ORM 避免手写 SQL。。。）

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参考

王巍 (@onevcat)《SwiftUI 与 Combine 编程》Chapter 1