1、逆序数
逆序数关系到行列式的值的计算,使用 t t t表示,下面以例子讲解逆序数的计算。
求排列32514的逆序数。
解:
第一个数是3,后面比3小的数有2、1共两个,所以 t 1 = 2 t_1=2 t1=2;
第二个数是2,后面比2小的数只有1,所以 t 2 = 1 t_2=1 t2=1;
第三个数是5,后面比5小的数有1、4共两个,所以 t 3 = 2 t_3=2 t3=2;
第四个数是1,后面没有比1小的数,所以 t 4 = 0 t_4=0 t4=0;
最后一个数是4,后面没有数了,所以不需要计算最后一个数的逆序数。
所以该排序的逆序数为 t = t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 4 = 5 t=t_1+t_2+t_3+t_4=5 t=t1+t2+t3+t4=5。
2、行列式的性质
性质1:行列式与它的转置行列式相等。
D = ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ , D T = ∣ a 11 a 21 a 31 a 12 a 22 a 32 a 13 a 23 a 33 ∣ , D = D T D=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|, D^T=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{21} & a_{31} \\ a_{12}& a_{22} & a_{32} \\ a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|,D=D^T D=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣,DT=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a12a13a21a22a23a31a32a33∣∣∣∣∣∣,D=DT
性质2:对换行列式的两行(列),行列式变号。
第一行第二行对换: ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ = − ∣ a 21 a 22 a 23 a 11 a 12 a 13 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|=-\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right| ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=−∣∣∣∣∣∣a21a11a31a22a12a32a23a13a33∣∣∣∣∣∣
性质3:行列式的某一行中所有元素都乘同一数k,等于用数k乘以此行列式。
∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 k ∗ a 21 k ∗ a 22 k ∗ a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ = k ∗ ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ k*a_{21}& k*a_{22} & k*a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right| = k*\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right| ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11k∗a21a31a12k∗a22a32a13k∗a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=k∗∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣
性质4:行列式中如果有两行(列)元素成比例,则此行列式等于0;
第一行与第二行元素成比例: ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 k ∗ a 11 k ∗ a 12 k ∗ a 13 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ = 0 \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ k*a_{11}& k*a_{12} & k*a_{13} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|=0 ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11k∗a11a31a12k∗a12a32a13k∗a13a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=0
性质5:
∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 + a 21 ′ a 22 + a 22 ′ a 23 + a 23 ′ a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ = ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ + ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 ′ a 22 ′ a 23 ′ a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}+a_{21}^{'} & a_{22}+a_{22}^{'} & a_{23}+a_{23}^{'} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right| = \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|+ \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}^{'} & a_{22}^{'} & a_{23}^{'} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right| ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21+a21′a31a12a22+a22′a32a13a23+a23′a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21′a31a12a22′a32a13a23′a33∣∣∣∣∣∣
性质6:把行列式的某一行(列)的各元素乘同一数然后加到另一行(列)对应的元素上去,行列式不变
第一行加到第二行: ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ = ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 k ∗ a 11 + a 21 k ∗ a 12 + a 22 k ∗ a 13 + a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ k*a_{11} +a_{21}& k*a_{12} +a_{22} & k*a_{13} + a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right| ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11k∗a11+a21a31a12k∗a12+a22a32a13k∗a13+a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣
3、余子式及代数余子式
已知行列式:
D
=
∣
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
∣
D=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣
那么,
a
12
a_{12}
a12的余子式为:
M
12
=
∣
a
21
a
23
a
31
a
33
∣
M_{12}=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{21}& a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|
M12=∣∣∣∣a21a31a23a33∣∣∣∣
代数余子式为:
A
12
=
(
−
1
)
1
+
2
∗
M
12
=
−
M
12
A_{12}=(-1)^{1+2}*M_{12}=-M_{12}
A12=(−1)1+2∗M12=−M12
定理:行列式等于它的任意一行(列)的元素与其对应的代数余子式乘积之和。
∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ = a 11 ∗ A 11 + a 12 ∗ A 12 + a 13 ∗ A 13 \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21}& a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array} \right|=a_{11}*A_{11}+a_{12}*A_{12}+a_{13}*A_{13} ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=a11∗A11+a12∗A12+a13∗A13
4、范德蒙德行列式
D = ∣ 1 1 . . . 1 x 1 x 2 . . . x n x 1 2 x 2 2 . . . x n 2 . . . . . . . . . x 1 n − 1 x 2 n − 1 . . . x n n − 1 ∣ = ∏ n ≥ i > j ≥ 1 ( x i − x j ) D=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} 1& 1 & ... & 1 \\ x_1& x_2 & ... & x_n \\ x_1^2 & x_2^2 & ... & x_n^2 \\ ...&...& &...& \\ x_1^{n-1} & x_2^{n-1} & ... & x_n^{n-1} \end{array} \right|=\prod_{n≥i>j≥1}(x_i-x_j) D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1x1x12...x1n−11x2x22...x2n−1............1xnxn2...xnn−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=n≥i>j≥1∏(xi−xj)
例如:
D = ∣ 1 1 1 a b c a 2 b 2 c 3 ∣ = ( b − a ) ( c − a ) ( c − b ) D=\left| \begin{array}{ccc} 1& 1& 1 \\ a& b & c \\ a^2 & b^2 & c^3 \end{array} \right|=(b-a)(c-a)(c-b) D=∣∣∣∣∣∣1aa21bb21cc3∣∣∣∣∣∣=(b−a)(c−a)(c−b)