linux字符设备驱动示例

Note:仅适合初学者~~~~~

环境：linux 3.8内核

1. 编写驱动程序,命名为demo.c

   #include <linux/fs.h>
   #include <linux/cdev.h>
   #include <linux/uaccess.h>
   #include <linux/parport.h>
   #include <linux/module.h>
   
   MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");  
   
   #define DEVICE_NAME "demo"
   #define BUF_MAX_LEN 50
     
   char buf[BUF_MAX_LEN];
   static dev_t dev_number;
   static struct cdev demo_cdev;
   
   ssize_t demo_read (struct file * file , char __user* buffer, size_t count, loff_t * ppos);
   int demo_release (struct inode * inode, struct file * file);
   static int demo_open (struct inode * inode, struct file * file);
   ssize_t demo_write(struct file * file, const char __user* buffer, size_t count,loff_t * ppos);
   int demo_init(void);
   void demo_clean (void);
   
   static struct file_operations __demo_fops = {
       .owner = THIS_MODULE,
       .open = demo_open,
       .write = demo_write,
       .release = demo_release,     
       .read = demo_read,
   };
   
   static int
   demo_open (struct inode * inode, struct file * file)
   {
       sprintf (buf, "device open successfully!\n");
       printk ("device open successfully!\n"); //printk:在内核中运行的向控制台输出的函数
   	return 0;
   }
   
   ssize_t
   demo_write(struct file * file, const char __user* buffer, size_t count,loff_t * ppos)
   {
       if (count > BUF_MAX_LEN) count = BUF_MAX_LEN;
       if (copy_from_user (buf, buffer, count)) 
           return -EFAULT;
       printk ("user write data to driver\n");
       return count;
   }
   
   ssize_t 
   demo_read (struct file * file , char __user* buffer, size_t count, loff_t * ppos)
   {
       if (count > BUF_MAX_LEN)
           count = BUF_MAX_LEN;
       if (copy_to_user (buffer, buf, count))
           return -EFAULT;  //copy_to_user:从内核空间拷贝数据到用户空间
       printk ("user read data from driver\n");
       return count;
   }
   
   int
   demo_release (struct inode * inode, struct file * file)
   {
       return 0;
   }
   
   int 
   demo_init(void)
   {
       if (alloc_chrdev_region (&dev_number, 0, 1, DEVICE_NAME) < 0)
       {
           printk("Can not register!\n");
           return -1;
       }
       cdev_init(&demo_cdev, &__demo_fops);
       demo_cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
       if (cdev_add (&demo_cdev, dev_number, 1)) {
           printk("Bad cdev add\n");
           return 1;
       }
   	printk("Initialized successfully!");
       return 0;
   }
   
   void
   demo_clean (void)
   {
   	printk("Demo exit!");
       unregister_chrdev_region(dev_number, 1);
       return ;
   }
   
   module_init(demo_init);
   module_exit(demo_clean);
   

   
   程序不作解释,哪里不懂的谷歌百度或者直接看看源代码就有很多相关资料
   
2. 在存放demo.c的目录下,添加命名为Makefile的文件,网上有人说命名为makefile可能会出错,此处命名为Makefile.

   ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
   obj-m :=demo.o
   else
   	KDIR := /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
   all:
   	make -C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
   clean:
   	rm -f *.ko *.o *.mod *.mod.c *sysmvers
   endif    

3. 终端进入存放demo.c和Makefile的目录,执行命令"sudo make",系统会自动找到目录下的Makefile文件.
4. make成功后可以动态加载demo模块了,命令: sudoinsmod demo.ko
5. 使用命令"lsmod"列出模块,应当可以在"Module"一列看到demo,这表明加载成功.
6. 接下来可以使用mknod生成节点,但在此之前要先获得系统分配给demo的主设备号,使用"cat /proc/devices"命令.由于demo是字符设备,故在Character devices中可以找到demo,假设查得主设备号是250
7. 现在可以执行mknod了,如何使用?执行命令"mknod --help"查看帮助,看到用法：mknod [选项]... 名称 类型 [主设备号 次设备号],名称设为/dev/demo(/dev是系统中默认已存在的目录,执行mknod命令后在/dev中会生成demo),类型是chrdev(字符设备),主设备号上一步中查得为250,次设备号这里我们设为0就好.于是我们输入命令"sudo mknod /dev/demo chrdev 250 0"
8. 使用"cd /dev"命令进入/dev,输入命令"find -name demo",如果输出"./demo"或类似的结果就代表mknod成功!
9. 现在可以尝试调用我们的驱动了,测试程序test.c:

   #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <fcntl.h>
   #include <unistd.h>
   #include <sys/ioctl.h>
   
   int main()
   {
     int fd = -1;
     int i;
     char buf[255];
     
     fd = open ("/dev/demo", O_RDWR);
     if (fd < 0) {
       printf ("### DEMO device open fail ###\n");
       return (-1);
     }
     
     read (fd, buf, 40);
     printf("First read data: %s", buf);
     printf("Please input string\n");
     scanf("%s", buf);
     write(fd, buf, 40);
     read(fd, buf, 40);
     printf("Second read data: %s\n", buf);
     
     close(fd);
     return 0;
   }

   
   终端进入存放test.c的目录,使用命令"gcc test.c -o test"生成可执行文件,再输入命令"sudo ./test"执行程序,效果:First read data: device open successfully!
   Please input string
   1
   Second read data: 1
10. 此时可以查看系统记录,输入命令"sudo dmesg | tail",这些记录是demo.c中使用printk函数输出的:[ 2535.104992] device open successfully!
    [ 2535.105008] user read data from driver
    [ 2544.812868] user write data to driver
    [ 2544.812888] user read data from driver
    
    >>完