操作符重载上

C++标准库并非C++语言一部分，其为由C++语言编写而成的类库和函数的集合，位于std命名空间中，头文件不带.h后缀，C++标准库涵盖了C库的所有功能，C库中<name.h>头文件对应C++中<cname>
C++标准库预定义了多数常用数据结构，如字符串、链表、队列、栈等
<bitset><deque><list><map><queue><set><stack><vector>
C++标准库中显示器对象cout、键盘对象cin
C++怎么改变左移运算符和右移运算符语义？重载
操作符重载为操作符提供不同语义
------/例：复数相加
Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2)
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.a = c1.a + c2.a;
    ret.b = c1.b + c2.b;
    return ret;
}
add函数可解决复数相加问题，但为何不让+操作符也支持复数相加呢？
C++可通过operator关键字利用函数扩展操作符，本质重载

struct Complex
{
    int a;
    int b;
};
Complex operator+(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2)
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.a = c1.a + c2.a;
    ret.b = c1.b + c2.b;
    return ret;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Complex c1 = {1, 2};
    Complex c2 = {3, 4};
Complex c3 = c1+c2; 	//也可写为Complex c3 = operator+(c1,c2);
					//本质函数调用
    cout<<"c3.a = "<<c3.a<<endl;	//4
    cout<<"c3.b = "<<c3.b<<endl;	//6
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

------/ operator关键字扩展操作符用于类

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex
{
    int a;
    int b;
public:
    Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)	//参数默认值 
    {
        this->a = a;
        this->b = b;
    }
    int getA()
    {
        return a;
    }
    int getB()
    {
        return b;
}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c);
    friend Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2);
};

ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c)
{
    out<<c.a<<" + "<<c.b<<"i";
    return out;
}

Complex operator+(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2)
{	//为类外部全局函数，不能直接访问类private成员a、b 
    Complex ret;
    ret.a = c1.a + c2.a;
    ret.b = c1.b + c2.b;
    return ret;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Complex c1(1, 2);
    Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2;
	cout<<c1<<endl;
	cout<<c2<<endl;
	cout<<c3<<endl;
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

类的友元：private声明使得类成员不被外界访问，friend关键字可开放权限
ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c);为何返回ostream&？
改为cout<<c1，输出1+2i无换行，变换表达方法为operator<<(cout,c1)，输出1+2i无换行，将函数改为void operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c)，输出1+2i无换行，但无返回导致无法支持链式调用，因cout<<c1<<endl等价operator<<(cout,c1) <<endl等价void <<endl