C++-操作符重载

定义： 

Salesitem.h

/*
* This file contains code from "C++ Primer, Fifth Edition", by Stanley B.
* Lippman, Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo, and is covered under the
* copyright and warranty notices given in that book:
*
* "Copyright (c) 2013 by Objectwrite, Inc., Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo."
*
*
* "The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book,
* but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no
* responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for
* incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the
* use of the information or programs contained herein."
*
* Permission is granted for this code to be used for educational purposes in
* association with the book, given proper citation if and when posted or
* reproduced.Any commercial use of this code requires the explicit written
* permission of the publisher, Addison-Wesley Professional, a division of
* Pearson Education, Inc. Send your request for permission, stating clearly
* what code you would like to use, and in what specific way, to the following
* address:
*
*     Pearson Education, Inc.
*     Rights and Permissions Department
*     One Lake Street
*     Upper Saddle River, NJ  07458
*     Fax: (201) 236-3290
*/

/* This file defines the Sales_item class used in chapter 1.
* The code used in this file will be explained in
* Chapter 7 (Classes) and Chapter 14 (Overloaded Operators)
* Readers shouldn't try to understand the code in this file
* until they have read those chapters.
*/

#ifndef SALESITEM_H
// we're here only if SALESITEM_H has not yet been defined 
#define SALESITEM_H


// Definition of Sales_item class and related functions goes here
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Sales_item {
	// these declarations are explained section 7.2.1, p. 270 
	// and in chapter 14, pages 557, 558, 561
	friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, Sales_item&);
	friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Sales_item&);
	friend bool operator<(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
	friend bool
		operator==(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
public:
	// constructors are explained in section 7.1.4, pages 262 - 265
	// default constructor needed to initialize members of built-in type
#if defined(IN_CLASS_INITS) && defined(DEFAULT_FCNS)
	Sales_item() = default;
#else
	Sales_item() : units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
#endif
	Sales_item(const std::string& book) :
		bookNo(book), units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
	Sales_item(std::istream& is) { is >> *this; }
public:
	// operations on Sales_item objects
	// member binary operator: left-hand operand bound to implicit this pointer
	Sales_item& operator+=(const Sales_item&);

	// operations on Sales_item objects
	std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
	double avg_price() const;
	// private members as before
private:
	std::string bookNo;      // implicitly initialized to the empty string
#ifdef IN_CLASS_INITS
	unsigned units_sold = 0; // explicitly initialized
	double revenue = 0.0;
#else
	unsigned units_sold;
	double revenue;
#endif
};

// used in chapter 10
inline
bool compareIsbn(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs)
{
	return lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

// nonmember binary operator: must declare a parameter for each operand
Sales_item operator+(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);

inline bool
operator==(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs)
{
	// must be made a friend of Sales_item
	return lhs.units_sold == rhs.units_sold &&
		lhs.revenue == rhs.revenue &&
		lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

inline bool
operator!=(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs)
{
	return !(lhs == rhs); // != defined in terms of operator==
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item& Sales_item::operator+=(const Sales_item& rhs)
{
	units_sold += rhs.units_sold;
	revenue += rhs.revenue;
	return *this;
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item
operator+(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs)
{
	Sales_item ret(lhs);  // copy (|lhs|) into a local object that we'll return
	ret += rhs;           // add in the contents of (|rhs|) 
	return ret;           // return (|ret|) by value
}

std::istream&
operator>>(std::istream& in, Sales_item& s)
{
	double price;
	in >> s.bookNo >> s.units_sold >> price;
	// check that the inputs succeeded
	if (in)
		s.revenue = s.units_sold * price;
	else
		s = Sales_item();  // input failed: reset object to default state
	return in;
}

std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
	out << s.isbn() << " " << s.units_sold << " "
		<< s.revenue << " " << s.avg_price();
	return out;
}

double Sales_item::avg_price() const
{
	if (units_sold)
		return revenue / units_sold;
	else
		return 0;
}
#endif

主函数：

#include <iostream>
#include "Salesitem.h"

using namespace std; 

class Person
{
public:
	/*不允许重载内置类型，必须有一个类类型，重载的操作符不会改变优先级，
    一般不要重载逻辑运算符，& ，运算符，operator本质是一个函数，
    可以使用友元friend来声明非成员函数的操作符重载，一般把赋值操作定义为成员函数*/
	void operator+(const Person& rhs)
	{
		cout << "执行了重载的加法操作" << endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	Person p1, p2;
	p1 + p2;

	Sales_item item1, item2;
	cin >> item1 >> item2;
	cout << item1 + item2 << endl;
	//另外一种写法，调用operator+函数：
	cout << operator+(item1, item2) << endl;
	return 0;
}

 结果：

赋值操作符重载：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std; 

class String
{
public:
	String(char const* chars = "");

	String& operator=(String const&);
	//类似的
	String& operator=(char const*);
	String& operator=(char);

	void print();
private:
	char* ptrChars;
};
String& String::operator=(String const& str)//赋值操作符重载
{
	if (strlen(ptrChars) != strlen(str.ptrChars))
	{
		char* ptrHold = new char[strlen(str.ptrChars)+1];	//动态创建一个字符串
		delete[] ptrChars;//删除原来的字符串
		ptrChars = ptrHold;//变更ptrChar所指的字符串大小
	}
	std::strcpy(ptrChars, str.ptrChars);//复制参数到成员变量中
	return *this;	//返回当前对象
}
String::String(char const* chars)
{
	chars = chars ? chars : "";	//判断字符串是否为空，将空字符串分配为空串
	ptrChars = new char[std::strlen(chars) + 1];//动态分配字符串大小
	std::strcpy(ptrChars, chars);//复制字符串到成员指针变量
}
void String::print()
{
	cout << ptrChars << endl;
}
int main()
{
	String s("hello");
	String s2("Dog");
	s.print();
	s2.print();
	s = s2;
	s.print();
	
	return 0;
}

下标操作符重载：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std; 

class String
{
public:
	String(char const* chars = "");

	char& operator[](std::size_t index) throw(String);
	char operator[](std::size_t index) const throw(String);
	void print();
private:
	char* ptrChars;
	static String erroMessage;
};
String String::erroMessage("Subscript out of range");
char& String::operator[](std::size_t index) throw(String)//下标操作符重载
{
	if (index >= std::strlen(ptrChars))
		throw erroMessage;
	return ptrChars[index];
}
char String::operator[](std::size_t index) const throw(String)  //不可变的字符串，常量 
{
	if (index >= std::strlen(ptrChars))
		throw erroMessage;
	return ptrChars[index];
}
String::String(char const* chars)
{
	chars = chars ? chars : "";	//判断字符串是否为空，将空字符串分配为空串
	ptrChars = new char[std::strlen(chars) + 1];//动态分配字符串大小
	std::strcpy(ptrChars, chars);//复制字符串到成员指针变量
}
void String::print()
{
	cout << ptrChars << endl;
}
int main()
{
	String s("hello");
	s.print();
	cout << s[0] << endl;
	s[0] = 'A';
	s.print();
	
	String const s2("dog");	//将会调用const操作符重载
	cout << s2[2] << endl;
	return 0;
}

成员访问操作符重载：

智能指针类的解引用操作符*和箭头->操作符的重载

主函数main.c

#include <iostream>
#include "String.h"
#include "pointer.h"

using namespace std; 

int main()
{
	String s("Hello String"); 
	s.display();

	String* ps = &s;
	ps->display();

	try
	{
		Pointer p1("C++");
		p1->display();	//->操作符重载，p1->相当于一个指向String类的指针,即Pointer里的ptr

		String s = *p1;	//*p1相当于一个指向String类的指针，即Pointer里的ptr
		s.display();

		Pointer p2;
		p2->display();
	}
	catch (String const& error)
	{
		error.display();
	}
	return 0;
}

String.h

#ifndef STRING_H
#define STRING_H
class String
{
public:
	String(char const *chars = ""); 
	String(String const& str);
	~String();
void display() const; private:
	char* ptrChars;
};
#endif

String.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include "String.h"
String::String(char const* chars)
{
	chars = chars ? chars : "";
	ptrChars = new char[std::strlen(chars) + 1];
	std::strcpy(ptrChars, chars);
}
String::String(String const& str)
{
	ptrChars = new char[std::strlen(str.ptrChars) + 1]; 
	std::strcpy(ptrChars, str.ptrChars);
}
	String::~String()
	{
		delete[] ptrChars;
	}
void String::display() const
{
	std::cout << ptrChars << std::endl;
}

pointer.h

#ifndef POINTER_H
#define POINTER_H
#include "String.h"
class Pointer
{
public:
	Pointer();
	Pointer(String const& n); 
	~Pointer();

	String& operator*();
	String* operator->() const;
private:
	String* ptr;	//ptr为String类的指针
	static String errorMessage;
};
#endif

pointer.cpp

#include "pointer.h"
#include "String.h"
Pointer::Pointer():ptr(0){}
Pointer::Pointer(String const& n)//将字符串n转化为String类
{
	ptr = new String(n);	//将ptr指向传入的String类
}
Pointer:: ~Pointer()
{
	delete ptr;
}
String Pointer::errorMessage("Uninitialized pointer");

String& Pointer::operator*()
{
	if (!ptr)
		throw errorMessage;
	return *ptr;
}

String* Pointer::operator->() const
{
	if (!ptr)
		throw errorMessage;
	return ptr;
}

自增自减操作符重载

String& operator();	//前加加，返回引用
String const operator++(int);//后加加，有参数，返回拷贝

String& String::operator++()	//前加加
{
	for(std::size_t i=0;i<std::strlen(ptrChars);++i)	//对字符串中的每一位进行加一操作
	{
		++ptrChars[i];
	}
	return *this;
}

String const String::operator++(int)
{
	String copy(*this);	//先复制返回当前对象的copy
	++(*this);	//然后对当前对象加加
	return copy;
}

类型转换操作符重载 

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

//转换操作符
class Dog{
public:
	Dog(string n,int a,double w):name(n),age(a),weight(w){}
	operator int() const	//转换操作符函数,不改变操作的对象,不能指定返回类型，不能有形参
	{
		return age;	//显式返回int型的数据
	}
private:
	int age;
	double weight;
	string name;
};
int main()
{
	int a,b;
	a=10;
	b=a;
	
	cout<<b<<endl;
	Dog d("Bill",6,15.0);
	b=d;
	cout<<b<<endl;
	
}