计算机网络拓扑及其类型概念描述

注：机翻，未校。

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What are Computer Network topologies and their types?

ByImran Ullah Khan

Computer network topologies are the design of the network. Moreover, computer network topologies define how computers will connect to each other and how devices will communicate with each other. To create a network, you start by designing how computers will connect. Subsequently, the connectivity between the computers is called topology.
计算机网络拓扑是网络的设计。此外，计算机网络拓扑定义了计算机如何相互连接以及设备如何相互通信。要创建网络，首先要设计计算机的连接方式。随后，计算机之间的连接称为拓扑。

There are two types of computer network topology:
有两种类型的计算机网络拓扑：

i)Physical topology ii) Logical topology
i）物理拓扑 ii）逻辑拓扑

•Physical topology •物理拓扑

The physical topology is the physical appearance of the connections between the computers and how and where we connect computers in the computer network.
物理拓扑是计算机之间连接的物理外观，以及我们在计算机网络中连接计算机的方式和位置。

•Logical Topology •逻辑拓扑

Logical topology defines how computers transmit and receive data. How they are connected logically.
逻辑拓扑定义了计算机如何传输和接收数据。它们是如何在逻辑上连接的。

1)BUS Topology 1）总线拓扑

Bus topology is the oldest topology in computer networks. It is similar to a G.T.Road, in which we connect computers to it. It uses T-connectors. Whenever we want to connect a computer to the main cable, the computer connects to the main cable through T-connectors. Bus topology is easy to set up and requires fewer cables compared to other topologies. It is a convenient and useful way to connect computers toBut a computer network.
总线拓扑是计算机网络中最古老的拓扑。它类似于GT路，我们将计算机连接到它。它使用 T 型连接器。每当我们想将计算机连接到主电缆时，计算机都会通过 T 型连接器连接到主电缆。与其他拓扑相比，总线拓扑易于设置，并且需要的电缆更少。这是一种方便且有用的方式 将计算机连接到但是 计算机网络.

However, it does come with a few drawbacks:
但是，它确实有一些缺点：

if the main cable disconnects at any point, then the entire network will collapse. Furthermore, installing a new PC in an existing network is difficult.
如果主电缆在任何时候断开，那么整个网络就会崩溃。此外，在现有网络中安装新 PC 很困难。

2) Ring Topology 2） 环形拓扑

In ring topology, we connect different computer networking devices in a ring form. The ring topology uses FDDI, SONET, and Token Ring. Normally, ring topology uses physical wiring topology.
在环形拓扑中，我们以环形形式连接不同的计算机网络设备。环形拓扑使用 FDDI、SONET 和令牌环。通常，环形拓扑使用物理布线拓扑。

Merits 优点

Faults in the cable are easily discoverable.
电缆中的故障很容易被发现。

It is easy to install a ring network.
安装环形网络很容易。

Demerits 缺点

Adding or removing a PC in ring topology causes network disruption.
在环形拓扑中添加或删除 PC 会导致网络中断。

A single break in the cable can cause the whole network down.
电缆的一次断裂都可能导致整个网络中断。

3) Mesh Topology 3） 网状拓扑

In mesh topology, we connect each computer in the network to every other computer. Mesh topology is the most expensive topology in network topologies.
在网状拓扑中，我们将网络中的每台计算机连接到其他每台计算机。网状拓扑是网络拓扑中最昂贵的拓扑。

Every computer has a redundant path to another computer
每台计算机都有通往另一台计算机的冗余路径

Wiring between computers is very complex
计算机之间的布线非常复杂

Normally this type of topology is used in WAN
通常，这种类型的拓扑在 WAN 中使用

Mesh topology will be either full mesh or partially mesh
网状拓扑将为全网状或部分网状

In a full mesh network, we connect every device to every other device in the topology. However, in a partial mesh, devices do not have direct connections to each other.
在全网状网络中，我们将每个设备连接到拓扑中的每个其他设备。但是，在部分网格中，设备之间没有直接连接。

Advantages 优势

Mesh topology provides redundant paths between nodes.
网状拓扑在节点之间提供冗余路径。

Disadvantages 弊

It needs more cables than other LAN setups, and it’s also quite complicated to set up
与其他LAN设置相比，它需要更多的电缆，并且设置起来也相当复杂

4)Tree Topology 4）树形拓扑

Tree topology is a collection of both bus and star topology. First, we use bus topology as a backbone cable. Additionally, the centralized device, just like the switch and hub, connects to the backbone cable. Furthermore, we connect the end devices to the centralized star topology devices by utilizing tree topology.
树形拓扑是总线拓扑和星形拓扑的集合。首先，我们使用总线拓扑作为骨干电缆。此外，集中式设备（就像交换机和集线器一样，连接到主干电缆。此外，我们利用树形拓扑将终端设备连接到集中式星形拓扑设备。

Advantages 优势

It is easy to troubleshoot.
很容易排除故障。

Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
各个段的点对点接线。

Disadvantages 弊

The total length of every segment is very short
每个段的总长度非常短

If the backbone cable goes down, then the entire network will collapse.
如果骨干线断线，那么整个网络就会崩溃。

5)Hybrid Topology 5）混合拓扑

Hybrid topology combines all other network topologies. However, when you blend two or more network topologies, it forms a hybrid topology that can be challenging to manage.
混合拓扑结合了所有其他网络拓扑。但是，当您混合两个或多个网络拓扑时，它会形成一个混合拓扑，管理起来可能具有挑战性。

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via:

• What are Computer Network topologies and their types? - CCNA Practical Labs
  https://ccnapracticallabs.com/what-is-a-network-topologies-and-its-types/