量子力学第四弹——角动量

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东门之杨

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-27 18:29:09 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/44803311

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相对于位置和动量等力学量，在量子力学中角动量的内容丰富的多，因此值得进行专门的、深入的探讨。

注：从本讲起省略算符头上的帽子，并假设读者自知。

轨道角动量 $\hat L$

Definition

L = x \times p

$\mathbf{L= x\times p}$

L α = ϵ α β γ x β p γ

$L_\alpha=\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\mathbf{x_\beta p_\gamma}$

Commutation Relations

$[L_\alpha,L_\beta]=i\hbar \epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}L_\gamma$
$[\mathbf L^2,L_\alpha]\equiv 0\Rightarrow Common \,Eigenstate$ $\Rightarrow Degeneracy$

Eigenvalue Problems

L 2 | l, m l ⟩ = L z | l, m l ⟩ = l (l + 1) ℏ 2 | l, m l ⟩, l = 0, 1, \dots m l ℏ | l, m l ⟩, m l = - l, - l + 1, \dots, + l

$\begin{align*}\mathbf L^2|l,m_l\rangle=&l(l+1)\hbar^2|l,m_l\rangle,\quad l=0,1,\dots\\ L_z|l,m_l\rangle=&m_l\hbar|l,m_l\rangle ,\quad m_l=-l,-l+1,\dots,+l\end{align*}$

自旋角动量 $\hat S$

Definition

[S α, S β] = i ℏ S γ

$[S_\alpha,S_\beta]=i\hbar S_\gamma$

\Rightarrow [S 2, S α] \equiv 0

$\Rightarrow[\mathbf S^2,S_\alpha]\equiv 0$

Eigenvalue Problems

S 2 | s, m s ⟩ = S z | s, m s ⟩ = s (s + 1) ℏ 2 | s, m s ⟩, s = 1 2 m s ℏ | s, m s ⟩, m s = - 1 2, + 1 2

$\begin{align*}\mathbf S^2|s,m_s\rangle=&s(s+1)\hbar^2|s,m_s\rangle,\quad s=\frac 12\\ S_z|s,m_s\rangle=&m_s\hbar|s,m_s\rangle ,\quad m_s=-\frac 12,+\frac 12\end{align*}$
In this course, only electron, a Fermion, is considerd, which means we assume

s $s$ equals

12 $\frac 12$ .

S 2 | s, m s ⟩ = S z | s, m s ⟩ = 3 4 ℏ 2 | s, m s ⟩ \pm 1 2 ℏ | s, m s ⟩

$\begin{align*}\mathbf S^2|s,m_s\rangle=&\frac 34\hbar^2|s,m_s\rangle\\ S_z|s,m_s\rangle=&\pm\frac 12\hbar|s,m_s\rangle\end{align*}$

Orthonormal & Completeness

Let $|m_s=+\dfrac12\rangle=|1\rangle, |m_s=-\dfrac12\rangle=|0\rangle$

{⟨ i | j ⟩ = δ i j \sum 1 i = 0 | i ⟩ ⟨ i | = I (u n i t o p e r a t o r)

$\begin{cases}\langle i|j\rangle=\delta_{ij}\\ \sum_{i=0}^1|i\rangle\langle i|=\mathbb I(unit \,operator)\end{cases}$

升降算符

$\bf J$ 总角动量

Definition

J \pm = J x \pm i J y

$J_\pm=J_x\pm iJ_y$

Properties

$⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ J \pm | j, m j ⟩ = C | j, m j \pm 1 ⟩, where C = ℏ (j \pm m j + 1) (j \mp m j) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \sqrt J + | j, + j ⟩ \equiv 0 J - | j, - j ⟩ \equiv 0$ $\begin{cases}J_\pm|j,m_j\rangle=C|j,m_j\pm 1\rangle, \text{ where } C=\hbar\sqrt{(j\pm m_j+1)(j\mp m_j)}\\ J_+|j,+j\rangle\equiv0\\ J_-|j,-j\rangle\equiv0\end{cases}$
(to be prooved )
$[J_\pm,\mathbf J^2]\equiv 0$

proof

$[J \pm, J 2] = = = [J x \pm i J y, J 2] [J x, J 2] \pm i [J y, J 2] 0$ $\begin{align*}[J_\pm,\mathbf J^2]=&[J_x\pm iJ_y,\mathbf J^2]\\ =&[J_x,\mathbf J^2]\pm i[J_y,\mathbf J^2]\\ =&0\end{align*}$
$[J_\pm,J_z] = \mp \hbar J_\pm$

proof

$[J \pm, J z] = = = = = [J x \pm i J y, J z] [J x, J z] \pm i [J y, J z] - i ℏ J y \pm i \cdot i ℏ J x \mp ℏ (J x \pm i J y) \mp ℏ J \pm$ $\begin{align*}[J_\pm,J_z]=&[J_x\pm iJ_y,J_z]\\ =&[J_x,J_z]\pm i[J_y,J_z]\\ =&-i\hbar J_y\pm i\cdot i\hbar J_x\\ =&\mp\hbar(J_x\pm iJ_y)\\ =&\mp\hbar J_\pm\end{align*}$
$[J_\pm,J_\mp]=\pm 2\hbar J_z$

proof

$[J \pm, J \mp] = = = = [J x \pm i J y, J x \mp i J y] [J x, J x] + [J y, J y] \mp i ([J x, J y] - [J y, J x]) 0 + 0 \pm 2 ℏ J z \pm 2 ℏ J z$ $\begin{align*}[J_\pm,J_\mp]=&[J_x\pm iJ_y,J_x\mp iJ_y]\\ =&[J_x,J_x]+[J_y,J_y]\mp i([J_x,J_y]-[J_y,J_x])\\ =&0+0\pm 2\hbar J_z\\ =&\pm 2\hbar J_z\end{align*}$
$J_\pm J_\mp=\mathbf J^2-J_z^2\pm\hbar J_z$

proof

$J \pm J \mp = = = = (J x \pm i J y) (J x \mp i J y) J 2 x + J 2 y \mp i (J x J y - J y J x) J 2 x + J 2 y \pm ℏ J z J 2 - J 2 z \pm ℏ J z$ $\begin{align*}J_\pm J_\mp=&(J_x\pm iJ_y)(J_x\mp iJ_y)\\ =&J_x^2+J_y^2\mp i(J_xJ_y-J_yJ_x)\\ =&J_x^2+J_y^2\pm \hbar J_z\\ =&\mathbf J^2-J_z^2\pm \hbar J_z\end{align*}$

泡利矩阵

Definition

$S_\alpha=\dfrac {\hbar}2\sigma_\alpha$ so that $\sigma_\alpha^2=1$ .

Properties

$[\sigma_\alpha,\sigma_\beta]=2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma$

proof

$[σ α, σ β] = = = = = [2 ℏ S α, 2 ℏ S β] 4 ℏ 2 [S α, S β] 4 ℏ 2 \cdot i ℏ ϵ α β γ S γ 2 i ϵ α β γ \cdot 2 ℏ S γ 2 i ϵ α β γ σ γ$ $\begin{align*}[\sigma_\alpha,\sigma_\beta]=&\left[\frac 2\hbar S _\alpha,\frac 2\hbar S_\beta\right]\\ =&\frac 4{\hbar^2} [S_\alpha,S_\beta]\\ =&\frac 4{\hbar^2}\cdot i\hbar\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}S_\gamma\\ =&2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\cdot \frac 2\hbar S_\gamma\\ =&2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma\end{align*}$
$[\sigma_\alpha,\sigma_\beta]_+=\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta+\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha\equiv 0(\alpha\ne\beta)$

proof
根据prop 1

$σ α σ β - σ β σ α = 2 i ϵ α β γ σ γ$ $\begin{align*}\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta-\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha=2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma\end{align*}$
两边左乘 $\sigma_\alpha$
$σ β - σ α σ β σ α = 2 i ϵ α β γ σ α σ γ$ $\sigma_\beta-\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha=2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\gamma$
两边右乘 $\sigma_\alpha$
$σ α σ β σ α - σ β = 2 i ϵ α β γ σ γ σ α$ $\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha-\sigma_\beta=2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma\sigma_\alpha$
两式相加
$4 i ϵ α β γ (σ α σ γ + σ γ σ α) = 0$ $4i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}(\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\gamma+\sigma_\gamma\sigma_\alpha)= 0$
因此
$[σ α, σ β] + = σ α σ β + σ β σ α \equiv 0$ $[\sigma_\alpha,\sigma_\beta]_+=\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta+\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha\equiv 0$ (provided $\alpha\ne\beta$ )
if $\alpha=\beta$ ,
$[σ α, σ β] + = σ α σ β + σ β σ α = 2$ $[\sigma_\alpha,\sigma_\beta]_+=\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta+\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha=2$
To sum up
$[σ α, σ β] + = σ α σ β + σ β σ α = 2 δ α β$ $[\sigma_\alpha,\sigma_\beta]_+=\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta+\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha=2\delta_{\alpha\beta}$
$\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta=\delta_{\alpha\beta}+i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma$

proof

$σ α σ β - σ β σ α = σ α σ β + σ β σ α = 2 i ϵ α β γ σ γ 2 i ϵ α β γ σ γ + 2 δ α β$ $\begin{align*}\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta-\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha=&2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma\\ \sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta+\sigma_\beta\sigma_\alpha=&2i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma+2\delta_{\alpha\beta}\end{align*}$
Therefore
$σ α σ β = δ α β + i ϵ α β γ σ γ$ $\sigma_\alpha\sigma_\beta=\delta_{\alpha\beta}+i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\sigma_\gamma$
DEF: $\sigma_\pm=\dfrac{\sigma_x\pm i\sigma_y}2$
DEF: $\sigma_+=|1\rangle\langle0|,\sigma_-=|0\rangle\langle1|$
$⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ σ x = (0110) σ y = (0 i - i 0) σ z = (10 0 - 1)$ $\begin{cases}\sigma_x=\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}\\ \sigma_y=\begin{pmatrix}0&-i\\i&0\end{pmatrix}\\ \sigma_z=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}\end{cases}$

proof
$\sigma_+=|1\rangle\langle0|=\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}0&1\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}$
$\sigma_-=|0\rangle\langle1|=\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}1&0\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0\end{pmatrix}$
$\sigma_x=\sigma_++\sigma_-=\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}$
$\sigma_y=-i(\sigma_+-\sigma_-)=\begin{pmatrix}0&i\\-i&0\end{pmatrix}$

$\begin{cases}\sigma_z|1\rangle=+1|1\rangle\\\sigma_z|0\rangle=-1|0\rangle\end{cases}$
$\begin{align*}\sigma_z=&\mathbb I\sigma_z\mathbb I\\=&(|0\rangle\langle0|+|1\rangle\langle1|)\sigma_z(|0\rangle\langle0|+|1\rangle\langle1|)\\=&|1\rangle\langle1|-|0\rangle\langle0|\\=&\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{pmatrix}-\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}\\=&\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}\end{align*}$

总角动量 $\hat J$

Definition

$\mathbf{J=L+S}$

Properties

$[J_\alpha,J_\beta]=i\hbar \epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}L_\gamma$
$[J_\alpha,S_\beta]\equiv0$
$[\mathbf J^2,J_\alpha]\equiv 0$
$\Rightarrow {J 2 | j, m j ⟩ = J z | j, m j ⟩ = j (j + 1) ℏ 2 | j, m j ⟩, j = 0, 1, \dots m j ℏ | j, m j ⟩, m j = - j, - j + 1, \dots, + j$ $\Rightarrow\begin{cases}\mathbf J^2|j,m_j\rangle=&j(j+1)\hbar^2|j,m_j\rangle,\quad j=0,1,\dots\\ J_z|j,m_j\rangle=&m_j\hbar|j,m_j\rangle ,\quad m_j=-j,-j+1,\dots,+j\end{cases}$
$[J_{\pm},\mathbf J^2]\equiv0$
$[J_\pm,J_z]=\mp\hbar J_\pm$
$[J_\pm,J_\mp]=\pm 2\hbar J_z$
$J_\pm J_\mp=\mathbf J^2-J_z^2\pm\hbar J_z$

角动量的本征值问题

用纯代数的方法，借助升降算符的性质，求解角动量的本征值问题，虽然没有物理图像，但是过程简洁。

[J 2, J α] = 0

$[\mathbf J^2,J_\alpha]=0$

\Rightarrow {J 2 | λ, m ⟩ = λ ℏ 2 | λ, m ⟩ J z | λ, m ⟩ = m ℏ | λ, m ⟩

$\Rightarrow\begin{cases}\mathbf J^2|\lambda,m\rangle=\lambda\hbar^2|\lambda,m\rangle\\J_z|\lambda,m\rangle=m\hbar|\lambda,m\rangle \end{cases}$ (

λ,m $\lambda,m$ unknown)

[J \pm, J z] = \mp ℏ J \pm

$[J_\pm,J_z]=\mp\hbar J_\pm$

\Rightarrow J z J \pm = J \pm J z \pm ℏ J \pm

$\Rightarrow J_zJ_\pm=J_\pm J_z\pm\hbar J_\pm$

\Rightarrow {J 2 [J \pm | λ, m ⟩] = J \pm J 2 | λ, m ⟩ = λ ℏ 2 [J \pm | λ, m ⟩] J z [J \pm | λ, m ⟩] = (J \pm J z \pm ℏ J \pm) | λ, m ⟩ = (m \pm 1) ℏ [J \pm | λ, m ⟩]

$\Rightarrow\begin{cases}\mathbf J^2[J_\pm|\lambda,m\rangle] =J_\pm\mathbf J^2|\lambda,m\rangle=\lambda\hbar^2[J_\pm|\lambda,m\rangle]\\J_z[J_\pm|\lambda,m\rangle]=(J_\pm J_z\pm\hbar J_\pm)|\lambda,m\rangle=(m\pm1)\hbar[J_\pm|\lambda,m\rangle]\end{cases}$
which means

J \pm | λ, m ⟩ = C | λ, m \pm 1 ⟩

$J_\pm|\lambda,m\rangle=C|\lambda,m\pm1 \rangle$
However

J 2 ⩾ J 2 z \Rightarrow m 2 ⩽ λ

$\mathbf J^2\geqslant J_z^2\Rightarrow m^2\leqslant \lambda$
Let

m0 $m_0$ &

m0+N $m_0+N$ be the extremums
Thus

{J + | λ, m 0 ⟩ \equiv 0 J - | λ, m 0 + N ⟩ \equiv 0

$\begin{cases}J_+|\lambda,m_0\rangle\equiv0\\ J_-|\lambda,m_0+N\rangle\equiv0\end{cases}$
As

⟨ λ, m | J \pm J \mp | λ, m ⟩ = = ⟨ λ, m | J 2 - J 2 z \pm ℏ J z | λ, m ⟩ (λ 2 - m 2 \pm m) ℏ 2

$\begin{align*}\langle\lambda,m|J_\pm J_\mp|\lambda,m\rangle=&\langle\lambda,m|\mathbf J^2-J_z^2\pm\hbar J_z|\lambda,m\rangle\\ =&(\lambda^2-m^2\pm m)\hbar^2\end{align*}$
We can get

{λ 2 - m 20 + m 0 = 0 λ 2 - (m 0 + N) 2 - (m 0 + N) = 0

$\begin{cases}\lambda^2-m_0^2+ m_0=0\\ \lambda^2-(m_0+N)^2- (m_0+N)=0\end{cases}$

⇒ $\Rightarrow$

⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m 0 = - N 2 λ = N 2 (N 2 + 1)

$\begin{cases}m_0=-\dfrac N2\\ \lambda=\dfrac N2\left(\dfrac N2+1\right)\end{cases}$
Let

j=N2,N=0,1,2,... $j=\dfrac N2, N=0,1,2,...$

⎧ ⎩ ⎨ J 2 | j, m j ⟩ = j (j + 1) ℏ 2 | j, m j ⟩, j = 0, 1 2, 1, 3 2, \dots J z | j, m j ⟩ = m j ℏ | j, m j ⟩, m j = - j, - j + 1, \dots, + j

$\begin{cases}\mathbf J^2|j,m_j\rangle=j(j+1)\hbar^2|j,m_j\rangle,\quad j=0,\dfrac 12,1,\dfrac 32,\dots\\ J_z|j,m_j\rangle=m_j\hbar|j,m_j\rangle ,\quad m_j=-j,-j+1,\dots,+j\end{cases}$

角动量的耦合

Two electron’s coupling

$\bf S=S_1+S_2$

Commutation Relations
$[S_{1\alpha},S_1^2]\equiv 0,[S_{2\alpha},S_2^2]\equiv 0,[S_{\alpha},S^2]\equiv 0$
$[S_{1\alpha},S_{1\beta}]=i\hbar \epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma} S_{1\gamma},[S_{2\alpha},S_{2\beta}]=i\hbar \epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma }S_{2\gamma},[S_{\alpha},S_{\beta}]=i\hbar \epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma }S_{\gamma}$
$[S_{1\alpha},S_{2\beta}]=0$
Eigenvalue Equations

Tricks

$⎛ ⎝ ⎜ 123 ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⨂ (10100) = ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 101002020030300 ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟$ $\left(\matrix {1\\2\\3}\right)\bigotimes \left(\matrix {10\\100}\right)=\left(\matrix {10\\100\\20\\200\\30\\300}\right)$
低维矢量到高维矢量。

2.

Thanks to Prof. Guo Hong

东门之杨

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量子力学第四弹——角动量

相对于位置和动量等力学量，在量子力学中角动量的内容丰富的多，因此值得进行专门的、深入的探讨。注：从本讲起省略算符头上的帽子，并假设读者自知。轨道角动量L^\hat LDefinitionL=x×p\mathbf{L= x\times p} Lα=ϵαβγxβpγL_\alpha=\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\mathbf{x_\bet
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