量子力学第六弹——一维定态问题

最新推荐文章于 2018-08-01 09:50:27 发布

东门之杨

最新推荐文章于 2018-08-01 09:50:27 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/45511841

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General Discussion of Schrödinger Equation

single particle equation

i ℏ \partial \partial t | ψ (x, t) ⟩ = H | ψ (x, t) ⟩, H = - ℏ 2 2 m \nabla 2 + V (x, t)

$i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t }|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\rangle=H|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\rangle,H=-\frac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2+V(\mathbf{x},t)$

multi-particle

i ℏ \partial \partial t | ψ (x 1, \dots, x N, t) ⟩ = H | ψ (x 1, \dots, x N, t) ⟩, H = \sum i = 1 N [- ℏ 2 2 m \nabla 2 + V (x, t)] + V (x 1, \dots, x N, t)

$i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t }|\psi(\mathbf{x}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{x}_N,t)\rangle=H|\psi(\mathbf{x}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{x}_N,t)\rangle,H=\sum_{i=1}^N[-\frac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2+V(\mathbf{x},t)]+V(\mathbf{x}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{x}_N,t)$

Properties

\partial \partial t ρ + \nabla \cdot j = 0

$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\rho+\nabla\cdot\mathbf{j}=0$

where

ρ = | ψ (x, t) 2 | = ψ (x, t) * ψ (x, t) j = ℏ 2 m i [ψ * (x, t) \nabla ψ (x, t) - ψ (x, t) \nabla ψ * (x, t)]

$\rho=|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)^2|=\psi(\mathbf{x},t)^*\psi(\mathbf{x},t) \\ \mathbf{j}=\frac{\hbar}{2m\mathrm{i}}[\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)\nabla\psi(\mathbf{x},t)-\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\nabla\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)]$

proof
We assume $V(\mathbf{x},t)$ to be real

$i ℏ \partial \partial t ψ (x, t) = - ℏ 2 2 m \nabla 2 ψ (x, t) + V (x, t) ψ (x, t) \Rightarrow - i ℏ \partial \partial t ψ * (x, t) = - ℏ 2 2 m \nabla 2 ψ * (x, t) + V (x, t) ψ * (x, t) \Rightarrow ⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ψ * (x, t) i ℏ \partial \partial t ψ (x, t) = ψ * (x, t) (- ℏ 2 2 m \nabla 2 ψ (x, t) + V (x, t) ψ (x, t)) ψ (x, t) (- i ℏ \partial \partial t ψ * (x, t)) = ψ (x, t) (- ℏ 2 2 m \nabla 2 ψ * (x, t) + V (x, t) ψ * (x, t))$ $i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t }\psi(\mathbf{x},t)=-\frac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2\psi(\mathbf{x},t)+V(\mathbf{x},t)\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\\ \Rightarrow -i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t }\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)=-\frac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)+V(\mathbf{x},t)\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)\\ \Rightarrow\begin{cases}\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)i\hbar \dfrac{\partial}{\partial t }\psi(\mathbf{x},t)=\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)\left(-\dfrac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2\psi(\mathbf{x},t)+V(\mathbf{x},t)\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\right)\\ \psi(\mathbf{x},t)\left(-i\hbar \dfrac{\partial}{\partial t }\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)\right)=\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\left(-\dfrac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)+V(\mathbf{x},t)\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)\right)\end{cases}$
$(1)-(2)$
$l . h . s = i ℏ (ψ * \partial \partial t ψ + ψ \partial \partial t ψ *) = i ℏ \partial \partial t | ψ (x, t) 2 | r . h . s = - ℏ 2 2 m (ψ * \nabla 2 ψ - ψ \nabla 2 ψ *) = - ℏ 2 2 m \nabla \cdot (ψ * \nabla ψ - ψ \nabla ψ *) \Rightarrow i ℏ \partial \partial t | ψ (x, t) 2 | + ℏ 2 m i \nabla \cdot (ψ * \nabla ψ - ψ \nabla ψ *) \equiv 0$ $l.h.s=i\hbar(\psi^*\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\psi+\psi\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\psi^*)=i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t}|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)^2|\\r.h.s=-\dfrac{\hbar ^2}{2m}(\psi^*\nabla^2\psi-\psi\nabla^2\psi^*)\\=-\dfrac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla\cdot(\psi^*\nabla\psi-\psi\nabla\psi^*)\\\Rightarrow i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t}|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)^2|+\frac{\hbar}{2mi}\nabla\cdot(\psi^*\nabla\psi-\psi\nabla\psi^*)\equiv0$
let $\rho=|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)^2|,\mathbf{j}=\dfrac{\hbar}{2m\mathrm{i}}[\psi^*\nabla\psi-\psi\nabla\psi^*]$
thus
$\partial \partial t ρ + \nabla \cdot j = 0$ $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\rho+\nabla\cdot\mathbf{j}=0$

Some properties of 1D stationary problem

i ℏ \partial \partial t | ψ (x, t) ⟩ = H | ψ (x, t) ⟩

$i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t }|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\rangle=H|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\rangle$
Assume

|ψ(x,t)⟩=|ψ(x)⟩⋅e−iEt/ℏ $|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)\rangle=|\psi(\mathbf{x})\rangle \cdot e^{-iEt/\hbar}$
Then

H ψ = E ψ

$H\psi=E\psi$

$\left[-\dfrac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\nabla^2+V(\mathbf{x})\right]\psi(\mathbf{x})=E\psi(\mathbf{x})$
正问题： $V(\mathbf{x})\rightarrow E,\psi(\mathbf{x})$
逆问题： $E \rightarrow V(\mathbf{x})$
both $\psi(\mathbf{x}),\psi^*(\mathbf{x})$ are solutions.
if $\psi(\mathbf{x})$ is not degenerate, it can be chosen to be real.
if $\psi(\mathbf{x})$ is a solution and $V(\mathbf{x})=V(-\mathbf{x})$ then $\psi(-\mathbf{x})$ is another solution.
if $V(\mathbf{x})=V(-\mathbf{x})$ , a complete set of solutions.

Infinite Square Potential Well Problem

（上次码好第六次笔记发布之后，不小心被第七次覆盖，简直欲哭无泪。上次只备份到这里，以后有机会再补上吧，sigh……）

Thanks to Prof. Guo Hong

东门之杨

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量子力学第六弹——一维定态问题

General Discussion of Schrödinger Equationsingle particle equationiℏ∂∂t|ψ(x,t)⟩=H|ψ(x,t)⟩,H=−ℏ22m∇2+V(x,t)i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t }|\psi(x,t)\rangle=H|\psi(x,t)\rangle,H=-\frac{\hbar ^
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