前言
使用构造法求数列的通项公式,首先需要突破的是对 a n a_n an的内涵的理解和应用。
理解内涵
在数列的学习中,我们经常会见到这样的式子 a n + 1 - a n = m ( m 常数 ) , a_{n+1}-a_n = m(m常数), an+1-an=m(m常数), 此时你一定会反应出数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}是等差数列,那么你有没有想过, a n a_n an除过可以是整式,还可以是分式,指数式,对数式,单项式,还可以是多项式等等,比如见到 S n + 1 - S n = m ( m 常数 ) , S_{n+1}-S_n = m(m常数), Sn+1-Sn=m(m常数), 你还能看出来是等差数列吗,所以你还需要特别注意:对代数式 a n + 1 - a n = m a_{n+1}-a_n = m an+1-an=m或 a n + 1 a n = m \cfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = m anan+1=m ( m m m常数)中 a n a_n an的“内涵”的理解。以下引例加深对等差数列中字母内涵的理解:
① 1 a n + 1 - 1 a n = m \cfrac{1}{a_{n+1}}-\cfrac{1}{a_n} = m an+11-an1=m,则数列 { 1 a n } \{\cfrac{1}{a_n}\} {an1}是首项为 1 a 1 \cfrac{1}{a_1} a11,公差为 m m m的等差数列;
② 1 S n + 1 - 1 S n = m \cfrac{1}{S_{n+1}}-\cfrac{1}{S_n} = m Sn+11-Sn1=m,则数列 { 1 S n } \{\cfrac{1}{S_n}\} {Sn1}是首项为 1 a 1 \cfrac{1}{a_1} a11,公差为 m m m的等差数列;
③ a n + 1 n + 1 - a n n = m \cfrac{a_{n+1}}{n+1}-\cfrac{a_n}{n} = m n+1an+1-nan=m,则数列 { a n n } \{\cfrac{a_n}{n}\} {nan}是首项为 a 1 1 \cfrac{a_1}{1} 1a1,公差为 m m m的等差数列;
④ n a n + 1 + ( n + 1 ) - n − 1 a n + n = m \cfrac{n}{a_{n+1}+(n+1)}-\cfrac{n-1}{a_n+n} = m an+1+(n+1)n-an+nn−1=m,则数列 { n − 1 a n + n } \{\cfrac{n-1}{a_n+n}\} {an+nn−1}是首项为 1 − 1 a 1 + 1 \cfrac{1-1}{a_1+1} a1+11−1,公差为 m m m的等差数列;
⑤ ( n + 1 ) a n + 1 − n a n = m (n+1)a_{n+1}-na_n=m (n+1)an+1−nan=m, 则数列 { n ⋅ a n } \{n\cdot a_n\} {n⋅an}是首项为 a 1 a_1 a1,公差为 m m m的等差数列;
⑥ a n + 1 2 - a n 2 = m a_{n+1}^2-a_n^2 = m an+12-an2=m,则数列 { a n 2 } \{a_n^2\} {an2}是首项为 a 1 2 a_1^2 a12,公差为 m m m的等差数列;
⑦ log m a n + 1 2 - l o g m a n 2 = p \log_m^{a_{n+1}^2}-log_m^ {a_n^2} = p logman+12-logman2=p,则数列 { l o g m a n 2 } \{log_m^{a_n^2}\} {logman2}是首项为 l o g m a 1 2 log_m^{a_1^2} logma12,公差为 p p p的等差数列;
⑧ a n + 2 − 2 a n + 1 = a n + 1 − 2 a n a_{n+2}-2a_{n+1}=a_{n+1}-2a_n an+2−2an+1=an+1−2an,则数列 { a n + 1 − 2 a n } \{a_{n+1}-2a_n\} {an+1−2an}是首项为 a 2 − 2 a 1 a_2-2a_1 a2−2a1,公差为 0 0 0的等差数列;
以上所列举的凡此种种,都是等差数列,能用一个表达式刻画吗?
a n + 1 − a n = d , d 为常数 a_{n+1}-a_n=d,d为常数 an+1−an=d,d为常数
因此务必要求理解透彻 a n + 1 a_{n+1} an+1和 a n a_n an的“内涵”;籍此理解:代数,就是用字母代替数字来思维的一门学科。
以下引例用于加深对等比数列的字母内涵的理解:
① a n + 1 + 1 a n + 1 = m \cfrac{a_{n+1}+1}{a_n+1} = m an+1an+1+1=m, 则数列 { a n + 1 } \{a_n+1\} {an+1}是首项为 a 1 + 1 a_1+1 a1+1,公比为 m m m的等比数列;
② a n + 1 + ( n + 1 ) a n + n = m \cfrac{a_{n+1}+(n+1)}{a_n + n} = m an+nan+1+(n+1)=m,则数列 { a n + n } \{a_n+n\} {an+n}是首项为 a 1 + 1 a_1+1 a1+1,公比为 m m m的等比数列;
③ a n + 1 2 a n 2 = m \cfrac{a_{n+1}^2}{a_n^2} = m an2an+12=m,则数列 { a n 2 } \{a_n^2\} {an2}是首项为 a 1 2 a_1^2 a12,公比为 m m m的等比数列;
④ a n + 2 − a n + 1 = 2 ( a n + 1 − a n ) a_{n+2}-a_{n+1}=2(a_{n+1}-a_n) an+2−an+1=2(an+1−an),则数列 { a n + 1 − a n } \{a_{n+1}-a_n\} {an+1−an}是首项为 a 2 − a 1 a_2-a_1 a2−a1,公比为 2 2 2的等比数列;
⑤ l g a n + 1 = 2 l g a n lga_{n+1}=2lga_n lgan+1=2lgan,则数列 { l g a n } \{lga_n\} {lgan}是首项为 l g a 1 lga_1 lga1,公比为 2 2 2的等比数列;
常见构造
- ①基本型 a n + 1 = p a n + q ( p ≠ 0 , 1 ; q ≠ 0 ) a_{n+1}=pa_n+q(p\neq 0,1;q\neq 0) an+1=pan+q(p=0,1;q=0); p p p、 q q q为常数;
思路:两边同时加上常数 k k k,构造等比数列 a n + 1 + k = p ( a n + k ) a_{n+1}+k=p(a_n+k) an+1+k=p(an+k)求解;其中 k = q p − 1 k=\cfrac{q}{p-1} k=p−1q;
- ② a n + 1 = p a n + q n a_{n+1}=pa_n+q^n an+1=pan+qn型; p p p、 q q q为常数;
思路:两边同时除以 q n + 1 q^{n+1} qn+1,得到 a n + 1 q n + 1 = p q ⋅ a n q n + 1 q \cfrac{a_{n+1}}{q^{n+1}}=\cfrac{p}{q}\cdot \cfrac{a_{n}}{q^{n}}+\cfrac{1}{q} qn+1an+1=qp⋅qnan+q1,即 b n + 1 = m b n + h b_{n+1}=mb_n+h bn+1=mbn+h,转化为上述类型①;
- ③ a n + 1 = p a n a n + q a_{n+1}=\cfrac{pa_n}{a_n+q} an+1=an+qpan型; p p p、 q q q为常数;
思路:两边同时取倒数,得到 1 a n + 1 = a n + q p a n = q p ⋅ 1 a n + 1 p \cfrac{1}{a_{n+1}}=\cfrac{a_n+q}{pa_n}=\cfrac{q}{p}\cdot \cfrac{1}{a_n}+\cfrac{1}{p} an+11=panan+q=pq⋅an1+p1,即转化为类型①求解;
- ④ a n + 1 − a n = k a n + 1 a n a_{n+1}-a_n=ka_{n+1}a_n an+1−an=kan+1an型; k k k为常数;
思路:两边同时除以 a n + 1 a n a_{n+1}a_n an+1an,构造等差数列 1 a n − 1 a n + 1 = k \cfrac{1}{a_n}-\cfrac{1}{a_{n+1}}=k an1−an+11=k求解;
- ⑤ a n + 1 = p a n + q n + r ( p ≠ 0 , 1 ; q ≠ 0 ; r ≠ 0 ) a_{n+1}=pa_n+qn+r(p\neq 0,1;q\neq 0;r\neq 0) an+1=pan+qn+r(p=0,1;q=0;r=0)型; p p p、 q q q、 r r r为常数;【了解】
思路:构造等比数列,令 a n + 1 + x ( n + 1 ) + y = p ( a n + x n + y ) a_{n+1}+x(n+1)+y=p(a_n+xn+y) an+1+x(n+1)+y=p(an+xn+y),利用两个多项式相等,对应系数相等求得 x x x、 y y y,利用等比数列求解;
引例, a n + 1 = 3 a n + 2 n − 1 a_{n+1}=3a_n+2n-1 an+1=3an+2n−1①;假设其能变形得到 a n + 1 + p ( n + 1 ) + q = 3 ( a n + p n + q ) a_{n+1}+p(n+1)+q=3(a_{n}+pn+q) an+1+p(n+1)+q=3(an+pn+q)②,
打开整理得到, a n + 1 = 3 a n + 3 p n + 3 q − p n − p − q = 3 a n + 2 p n + ( 2 q − p ) a_{n+1}=3a_n+3pn+3q-pn-p-q=3a_n+2pn+(2q-p) an+1=3an+3pn+3q−pn−p−q=3an+2pn+(2q−p)③,
由①③两式恒等,得到对应系数相等,即 2 p = 2 2p=2 2p=2且 2 q − p = − 1 2q-p=-1 2q−p=−1,解得 p = 1 p=1 p=1, q = 0 q=0 q=0,
代入②式,得到 a n + 1 + ( n + 1 ) = 3 ( a n + n ) a_{n+1}+(n+1)=3(a_{n}+n) an+1+(n+1)=3(an+n)
提示:较难的情形,两边同时加上同结构的一次式构造等比数列;
- ⑥ a n + 1 = a n r ( r ∈ N ∗ ) a_{n+1}=a_n^r(r\in N^*) an+1=anr(r∈N∗)型;【了解】
思路:两边同时取对数,构造等比数列求解;
- ⑦ a n + 2 = p a n + 1 + q a n a_{n+2}=pa_{n+1}+qa_n an+2=pan+1+qan型;【了解】
思路:转化为 a n + 2 − s a n + 1 = p ( a n + 1 − s a n ) a_{n+2}-sa_{n+1}=p(a_{n+1}-sa_n) an+2−san+1=p(an+1−san),其中 { s + t = p s t = − q \left\{\begin{array}{l}{s+t=p}\\{st=-q}\end{array}\right. {s+t=pst=−q;
高阶总结
变形训练
① 4 a n + 1 = 4 a n 2 + 4 a n − 1 4a_{n+1}=4a_n^2+4a_n-1 4an+1=4an2+4an−1,证明: { l g ( a n + 1 2 ) } \{lg(a_n+\cfrac{1}{2})\} {lg(an+21)}为等比数列;
提示:见下面典例剖析;
② S n = 2 a n − 2 n S_{n}=2a_n-2^n Sn=2an−2n,证明: { a n + 1 − 2 a n } \{a_{n+1}-2a_n\} {an+1−2an}为等比数列;
提示:注意隐含条件的指向作用;
③ a n = S n ⋅ S n − 1 a_n=S_n\cdot S_{n-1} an=Sn⋅Sn−1,变形得到 S n − S n − 1 = S n ⋅ S n − 1 S_n-S_{n-1}=S_n\cdot S_{n-1} Sn−Sn−1=Sn⋅Sn−1
提示:代换,同除构造;
④ n a n + 1 = ( n + 1 ) a n + 2 na_{n+1}=(n+1)a_n+2 nan+1=(n+1)an+2,变形得到 a n + 1 n + 1 = a n n + 2 n ( n + 1 ) \cfrac{a_{n+1}}{n+1}=\cfrac{a_n}{n}+\cfrac{2}{n(n+1)} n+1an+1=nan+n(n+1)2
⑤ a n + 1 S n ⋅ S n + 1 = S n + 1 − S n S n ⋅ S n + 1 = 1 S n − 1 S n + 1 \cfrac{a_{n+1}}{S_n\cdot S_{n+1}}=\cfrac{S_{n+1}-S_{n}}{S_n\cdot S_{n+1}}=\cfrac{1}{S_n}-\cfrac{1}{S_{n+1}} Sn⋅Sn+1an+1=Sn⋅Sn+1Sn+1−Sn=Sn1−Sn+11
⑥ a n + 2 − 2 a n + 1 + a n = 2 a_{n+2}-2a_{n+1}+a_n=2 an+2−2an+1+an=2,变形得到 ( a n + 2 − a n + 1 ) − ( a n + 1 − a n ) = 2 (a_{n+2}-a_{n+1})-(a_{n+1}-a_n)=2 (an+2−an+1)−(an+1−an)=2
提示:对于下标是连续三项的时候,考虑拆分,一定是两两组合拆分;
⑦ 2 n ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 − 1 ) = 1 2 n − 1 − 1 2 n + 1 − 1 \cfrac{2^n}{(2^n-1)(2^{n+1}-1)}=\cfrac{1}{2^n-1}-\cfrac{1}{2^{n+1}-1} (2n−1)(2n+1−1)2n=2n−11−2n+1−11
提示:高阶的裂项相消,
⑧ a n + 1 − a n = 3 a n + 1 a n a_{n+1}-a_{n}=3a_{n+1}a_n an+1−an=3an+1an,
提示:同除构造;
⑨ a n + 1 = 3 a n + 2 n − 1 a_{n+1}=3a_n+2n-1 an+1=3an+2n−1;变形得到 a n + 1 + ( n + 1 ) = 3 ( a n + n ) a_{n+1}+(n+1)=3(a_{n}+n) an+1+(n+1)=3(an+n)
提示:较难的情形,两边同时加上同结构的一次式构造等比数列;
对应练习
在数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}中, a 1 = 1 a_1=1 a1=1,若 a n + 1 = 3 a n + 1 a_{n+1}=3a_n+1 an+1=3an+1,求 a n a_n an=_____________。
提示:两边同加常数,构造等比数列;
在数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}中, a 1 = 1 a_1=1 a1=1,若 a n + 1 = 1 1 + a n a_{n+1}=\cfrac{1}{1+a_n} an+1=1+an1,求 a n a_n an=_____________。
提示:两边同时取倒数,构造等差数列;
在数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}中, a 1 = 1 a_1=1 a1=1, a n > 0 a_n>0 an>0,若 ( n + 1 ) a n + 1 2 − n a n 2 + a n + 1 a n = 0 (n+1)a_{n+1}^2-na_n^2+a_{n+1}a_n=0 (n+1)an+12−nan2+an+1an=0,求 a n a_n an=_____________。
提示:通过代数变形,构造等差数列;
n a n + 1 2 − n a n 2 + a n + 1 2 + a n + 1 a n = 0 na_{n+1}^2-na_n^2+a_{n+1}^2+a_{n+1}a_n=0 nan+12−nan2+an+12+an+1an=0,
即 n ( a n + 1 + a n ) ( a n + 1 − a n ) + a n + 1 ( a n + 1 + a n ) = 0 n(a_{n+1}+a_n)(a_{n+1}-a_n)+a_{n+1}(a_{n+1}+a_n)=0 n(an+1+an)(an+1−an)+an+1(an+1+an)=0;
即 ( a n + 1 + a n ) [ n ( a n + 1 − a n ) + a n + 1 ] = 0 (a_{n+1}+a_n)[n(a_{n+1}-a_n)+a_{n+1}]=0 (an+1+an)[n(an+1−an)+an+1]=0
即 ( n + 1 ) a n + 1 − n a n = 0 (n+1)a_{n+1}-na_n=0 (n+1)an+1−nan=0
在数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}中, a 1 = 1 a_1=1 a1=1,若 a n + 1 = 2 a n + 2 n a_{n+1}=2a_n+2^n an+1=2an+2n,求 a n a_n an=_____________。
提示:两边同时除以 2 n + 1 2^{n+1} 2n+1,构造等差数列;
在数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}中, a 1 = 1 a_1=1 a1=1,若 a n + 1 = 3 a n + 2 n a_{n+1}=3a_n+2^n an+1=3an+2n,求 a n a_n an=_____________。
提示:两种变形综合应用而已;
两边同时除以 2 n + 1 2^{n+1} 2n+1,转化为 a n + 1 2 n + 1 = 3 2 × a n 2 n + 1 2 \cfrac{a_{n+1}}{2^{n+1}}=\cfrac{3}{2}\times \cfrac{a_n}{2^n}+\cfrac{1}{2} 2n+1an+1=23×2nan+21
然后两边两边同加常数,构造等比数列;
在数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}中, a 1 = 1 a_1=1 a1=1, a 2 = 6 a_2=6 a2=6,若 a n + 2 − 2 a n + 1 + a n = 2 a_{n+2}-2a_{n+1}+a_n=2 an+2−2an+1+an=2,求 a n a_n an=_____________。
提示: ( a n + 2 − a n + 1 ) − ( a n + 1 − a n ) = 2 (a_{n+2}-a_{n+1})-(a_{n+1}-a_{n})=2 (an+2−an+1)−(an+1−an)=2;
特殊用途
- 构造法除过能像上述方法求得通项公式以外,还可以推求数列的周期性;
引例1:由 a n + a n − 1 = 4 ( n ≥ 2 ) a_n+a_{n-1}=4(n\ge 2) an+an−1=4(n≥2)①,构造 a n + 1 + a n = 4 a_{n+1}+a_n=4 an+1+an=4②,两式做差,得到 a n + 1 − a n − 1 = 0 a_{n+1}-a_{n-1}=0 an+1−an−1=0,即数列的周期为 T = 2 T=2 T=2;
引例2:由 a n + 1 ⋅ a n = k a_{n+1}\cdot a_n=k an+1⋅an=k①,构造 a n + 2 ⋅ a n + 1 = k a_{n+2}\cdot a_{n+1}=k an+2⋅an+1=k②,两式作商,得到 a n + 2 = a n a_{n+2}=a_n an+2=an,则数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}的周期为 T = 2 T=2 T=2,其实数列也是等积数列;
引例3:由 a n + 1 = a n − a n − 1 a_{n+1}=a_n-a_{n-1} an+1=an−an−1①,构造 a n + 2 = a n + 1 − a n a_{n+2}=a_{n+1}-a_{n} an+2=an+1−an②,两式相加,得到 a n + 2 = − a n − 1 a_{n+2}=-a_{n-1} an+2=−an−1,即 a n + 3 = − a n a_{n+3}=-a_n an+3=−an,故数列的周期为 T = 6 T=6 T=6;