TMMI_测试过程改进框架_已定义级别6_测试组织1

PA 3.1 Test Organization 测试组织

Purpose 目的

The purpose of the Test Organization process area is to identify and organize a group of highly skilled people that is responsible for testing. In addition to testing, the test group also manages improvements to the organization’s test process and test process assets based on a thorough understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s current test process and test process assets.

测试组织流程域的目的是明确和组织一个高技能负责测试的团队，除了测试意外，测试团队也管理组织的测试流程的提升和测试流程资产，这些管理是基于对于组织当前测试流程和测试流程资产的优缺点的完整的理解。

Introductory Notes 简介

Establishing a test organization implies a commitment to better testing and higher-quality software. To initiate the process, upper management must support the decision to establish a test group and commit resources to the group. It also requires leadership in areas that relate to testing and quality issues. The staff members of such a group are called test specialists. A test organization (group) is the representation of effective relationships between test specialists, test facilities and project-related test activities in order to achieve a high standard in structured testing. Well-defined communication links from the test group to business, development, and quality assurance are established. The synergy between these elements creates a structure that is more than the sum of the parts.

建立测试组织意味着更好的测试和高质量软件的承诺。为了开始流程，高管需要支持建立测试团队的决定一件提供资源给团队。同时需要关于测试和质量问题的领导。这个团队的成员被称为测试专家。一个测试组织表现了测试专家，测试工具，项目关联的测试活动之间的有效关系，目的是为了达到一个高标准的结构化测试。良好定义的交流被建立，它联系了测试团队和商业，开发以及质量保证。这些元素的配合创建了一个比各个部分总和更多的框架。

It is important for an organization to have an independent test group. The group shall have a formalized position in the organizational hierarchy. The term independence is used generically, but each organization must develop its own interpretation and implementation of the right level of independence. A test organization can, for instance, be organized as a test competence center with a test resource pool. In this type of organization, group members are assigned to projects throughout the organizations where they do their testing work, or as an independent test group that performs acceptance testing before release. In the TMMi sense, independence for the test organization means that testers are recognized as engineering specialists. Testers are not considered to be developers, and most importantly they report to management independent of the development management. Test specialists are allowed to be objective and impartial, unhindered by development organization pressures.

一个组织有一个独立的测试团队很重要。这个团队需要在组织框架里有一个正式的位置。独立性这个词通常被使用，但是每个组织必须开发自己关于独立性的合理水平的理解和实施。一个测试组织通常被阻止为一个测试能力的中心，具有测试资源池。在这种类型的组织里面，团队成员被安排给组织里面的所有项目做测试工作。或者作为一个独立的测试组织执行发布前的可接受测试。在TMMI里面，测试组织的独立性意味着测试人员被认为是工程专家，测试人员不被认为是开发，更重要的是他们报告给与开发管理不关联的管理团队。测试专家被允许客观工作，不受开发组织的阻扰。

Testing is regarded as a valued profession and the test group is recognized as a necessity. Detailed and specialized knowledge and skills regarding test engineering, test management and the application domain are characteristics of the motivated individuals assigned to the test group. Test functions and test career paths are defined and supported by a test training program. The group is staffed by people who have the skills and motivation to be good testers. They are assigned to a specific test function and are dedicated to establishing awareness of, and achieving, product quality goals. They measure quality characteristics, and have responsibilities for ensuring the system meets the customers’ requirements. Also the test activities, roles and responsibilities for other staff members (non-test specialists) are specified. For each test function the typical tasks, responsibilities, authorities, required knowledge, skills and test training are specified. As a result, the process areas “Test Organization” and “Test Training Program” are closely related and interdependent. One of the principal objectives of the training program is to support the test organization in training of test specialists.

测试被认为是一个有价值的职业，测试组织被认为必要的。详细专业的关于测试工程，测试管理，应用领域的知识与技能被作为测试团队积极员工的特征。测试定义和测试生涯被定义和支持通过测试培训项目。这个组织由具备技能和积极希望成为好测试人员的员工组成。他们被分配到一个指定的测试功能，他们致力于建立意识和达到质量目标。他们衡量了质量特征。并且负责保证系统达到客户需求。同时测试行为，角色和其他员工（非测试人员）的责任被指出。对于每一个测试功能，通常的任务，责任，权威，需要的知识，技能和测试培训被指出。作为结果。流程域“测试组织”和“测试培训项目”是精密联系和互相依赖的。培训项目的一个原则就是支持测试组织培训测试人员。

Whereas at TMMi level 2 test process improvement is sometimes an ad hoc project, it is now well-organized and structured within the test organization. The responsibility for facilitating and managing the test process improvement activities, including coordinating the participation of other disciplines, is typically assigned to a test technology manager supported by a management steering committee. Sometimes a test process improvement group, often called a Test Process Group, is already established and staffed. Candidates for process improvements are obtained from various sources, including measurements, lessons learned and assessment results. Careful planning is required to ensure that test process improvement efforts across the organization are adequately managed and implemented. The planning for test process improvement results in a process improvement plan. This plan will address assessment planning, process action planning, pilot planning and deployment planning. When the test improvement is to be deployed, the deployment plan is used. This plan describes when and how the improvement will be implemented across the organization.

在TMMI2测试流程提升有事是一个随意的项目。现在是测试组织中良好组织的和结构化的。促进和管理测试流程提升（包括协调其他团队参与）的责任通常被分配给有管理层支持的测试技术经理。有时候，一个测试流程提升团队。通常叫做测试流程团队，被建立和配备。流程提升的选择被获得通过多种来源，包括衡量，课程学习，已经评估结果。细致的计划被需要来保证测试流程提升工作被充分的管理和实施。测试流程提升计划引起流程提升计划。这个计划解决评估计划。处理计划，实验计划和部署计划，当测试提升被部署，部署计划被使用，测试计划描述了何时及怎样在组织中实施提升。

Scope 范围

The process area Test Organization defines the functioning (tasks, responsibilities, reporting structure) and the position of a test group in the overall organization. Test roles, functions, and career paths are defined to support the acceptance of testing as a professional discipline. Within the test organization, test process improvement is a key activity. Test process improvement encompasses assessing the current test process and using lessons learned to identify possible test improvements, implementing improvements and deploying them in testing activities in projects.

测试组织流程域定义了功能（任务，责任，报告框架）和测试团队在组织中的地位。测试角色，功能，职业道路被定义来支持接受测试为专业的理念。 在测试组织里面，测试流程提升是关键行为，测试流程提升包括评估当前测试流程和使用学习的课程来明确可能的测试提升。实施提升和在项目的测试行为中部署它们。

Specific Goal and Practice Summary 指定的目标和实践。

SG 1 Establish a Test Organization 建立测试组织

SP 1.1 Define the test organization SP 1.2 Obtain commitments for the test organization SP 1.3 Implement the test organization

定义测试组织，获得测试组织的承诺，实施测试组织

SG 2 Establish Test Functions for Test Specialists 为测试人员建立测试功能

SP 2.1 Identify test functions SP 2.2 Develop job descriptions SP 2.3 Assign staff members to test functions

明确测试功能，开发工作描述，分配测功能给相应人员

SG 3 Establish Test Career Paths 建立测试专业生涯

SP 3.1 Establish test career paths SP 3.2 Develop personal test career development plans

建立测试职业生涯，开发测试职业生涯计划。

SG 4 Determine, Plan and Implement Test Process Improvements 决定，计划和实施测试流程提升

SP 4.1 Assess the organization’s test process SP 4.2 Identify the organization’s test process improvements SP 4.3 Plan test process improvements SP 4.4 Implement test process improvements

评估组织的测试流程，明确组织的测试流程提升，计划测试流程提升，实施测试流程提升

SG 5 Deploy the Organizational Test Process and Incorporate Lessons Learned 部署组织测试流程和具体化课程学习

SP 5.1 Deploy standard test process and test process assets SP 5.2 Monitor implementation SP 5.3 Incorporate lessons learned into the organizational test process

部署标准测试流程和测试流程资产，监视实施，具体化课程学习到组织测试流程