目录
1.指针
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int var1;
char var2[10];
cout << "var1 变量的地址: ";
cout << &var1 << endl;
cout << "var2 变量的地址: ";
cout << &var2 << endl;
return 0;
}
var1 变量的地址: 0x7ffd8696414c
var2 变量的地址: 0x7ffd86964150
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int var = 20; // 实际变量的声明
int *ip; // 指针变量的声明
ip = &var; // 在指针变量中存储 var 的地址
cout << "Value of var variable: ";
cout << var << endl;
// 输出在指针变量中存储的地址
cout << "Address stored in ip variable: ";
cout << ip << endl;
// 访问指针中地址的值
cout << "Value of *ip variable: ";
cout << *ip << endl;
return 0;
}
Value of var variable: 20
Address stored in ip variable: 0xbfc601ac
Value of *ip variable: 20
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 3;
int main ()
{
int var[MAX] = {10, 100, 200};
int *ptr;
// 指针中的数组地址
ptr = var;
for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
cout << "Address of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << ptr << endl;
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr << endl;
// 移动到下一个位置
ptr++;
}
return 0;
}
Address of var[0] = 0xbfa088b0
Value of var[0] = 10
Address of var[1] = 0xbfa088b4
Value of var[1] = 100
Address of var[2] = 0xbfa088b8
Value of var[2] = 200
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 3;
int main ()
{
int var[MAX] = {10, 100, 200};
int *ptr;
// 指针中第一个元素的地址
ptr = var;
int i = 0;
while ( ptr <= &var[MAX - 1] )
{
cout << "Address of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << ptr << endl;
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr << endl;
// 指向上一个位置
ptr++;
i++;
}
return 0;
}
Address of var[0] = 0xbfce42d0
Value of var[0] = 10
Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
Value of var[1] = 100
Address of var[2] = 0xbfce42d8
Value of var[2] = 200
然而,指针和数组并不是完全互换的。例如,请看下面的程序:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 3;
int main ()
{
int var[MAX] = {10, 100, 200};
for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
*var = i; // 这是正确的语法
var++; // 这是不正确的
}
return 0;
}
把指针运算符 * 应用到 var 上是完全可以的,但修改 var 的值是非法的。这是因为 var 是一个指向数组开头的常量,不能作为左值。
由于一个数组名对应一个指针常量,只要不改变数组的值,仍然可以用指针形式的表达式。例如,下面是一个有效的语句,把 var[2] 赋值为 500:
*(var + 2) = 500;
上面的语句是有效的,且能成功编译,因为 var 未改变
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 3;
int main ()
{
int var[MAX] = {10, 100, 200};
int *ptr[MAX];
for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
ptr[i] = &var[i]; // 赋值为整数的地址
}
for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Value of var[0] = 10
Value of var[1] = 100
Value of var[2] = 200
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int var;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
var = 3000;
// 获取 var 的地址
ptr = &var;
// 使用运算符 & 获取 ptr 的地址
pptr = &ptr;
// 使用 pptr 获取值
cout << "Value of var :" << var << endl;
cout << "Value available at *ptr :" << *ptr << endl;
cout << "Value available at **pptr :" << **pptr << endl;
return 0;
}
Value of var = 3000
Value available at *ptr = 3000
Value available at **pptr = 3000
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
void getSeconds(unsigned long *par);
int main ()
{
unsigned long sec;
getSeconds( &sec );
// 输出实际值
cout << "Number of seconds :" << sec << endl;
return 0;
}
void getSeconds(unsigned long *par)
{
// 获取当前的秒数
*par = time( NULL );
return;
}
2.引用
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
// 声明简单的变量
int i;
double d;
// 声明引用变量
int& r = i;
double& s = d;
i = 5;
cout << "Value of i : " << i << endl;
cout << "Value of i reference : " << r << endl;
d = 11.7;
cout << "Value of d : " << d << endl;
cout << "Value of d reference : " << s << endl;
return 0;
}
Value of i : 5
Value of i reference : 5
Value of d : 11.7
Value of d reference : 11.7
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 函数声明
void swap(int& x, int& y);
int main ()
{
// 局部变量声明
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
cout << "交换前,a 的值:" << a << endl;
cout << "交换前,b 的值:" << b << endl;
/* 调用函数来交换值 */
swap(a, b);
cout << "交换后,a 的值:" << a << endl;
cout << "交换后,b 的值:" << b << endl;
return 0;
}
// 函数定义
void swap(int& x, int& y)
{
int temp;
temp = x; /* 保存地址 x 的值 */
x = y; /* 把 y 赋值给 x */
y = temp; /* 把 x 赋值给 y */
return;
}
交换前,a 的值: 100
交换前,b 的值: 200
交换后,a 的值: 200
交换后,b 的值: 100
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double vals[] = {10.1, 12.6, 33.1, 24.1, 50.0};
double& setValues( int i )
{
return vals[i]; // 返回第 i 个元素的引用
}
// 要调用上面定义函数的主函数
int main ()
{
cout << "改变前的值" << endl;
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
cout << "vals[" << i << "] = ";
cout << vals[i] << endl;
}
setValues(1) = 20.23; // 改变第 2 个元素
setValues(3) = 70.8; // 改变第 4 个元素
cout << "改变后的值" << endl;
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
cout << "vals[" << i << "] = ";
cout << vals[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}
改变前的值
vals[0] = 10.1
vals[1] = 12.6
vals[2] = 33.1
vals[3] = 24.1
vals[4] = 50
改变后的值
vals[0] = 10.1
vals[1] = 20.23
vals[2] = 33.1
vals[3] = 70.8
vals[4] = 50