目录
[ 独立主格 ] 短语非句子
1. 独立主格作用相当于状语从句
2. 放在句首或句尾
3. 用于书面语
4. 独立主格的逻辑主语和句子的主语不同
[ 名词 / 人称代词主格 / 代词 + 现在分词 ] 常见
Weather permitting，we will have a picnic tomorrow.
if weather permits，we will have a picnic tomorrow.
Autumn coming on，the leaves turned yellow.
It being Sunday，we had no classes. 由于是星期天，我们没有课
The teacher coming in，every one was standing up.
[ 名词 / 人称代词主格 / 代词 + 过去分词 ] 需要存在被动关系
The signal given，the bus started. 给了信号之后，汽车开始前进
Their strength exhausted，they fall down one by one. 他们筋疲力尽，一个个倒下了
[ 名词 / 人称代词主格 / 代词 + 形同词 / 副词 ] 常见
Everything ready，they started out. 一切准备好，他们开始动身了
The meeting over，the students left the hall one by one.
会议结束了，学生一个个离开礼堂
The man moved slowly forward，neck deep in the water，with their officers guiding them.
[ 名词 / 人称代词主格 / 代词 + 动词不定式 ]
The teacher to help us，we will succeed. 有了老师的帮助，我们就能成功
[ 名词 / 人称代词主格 / 代词 + 介词短语 ]
The teacher entered the classroom，book in hand.
老师进入教室，手里拿着本书
The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand.
[ 介词 + 复合宾语 ] 常见
with / without / like + 名词 / 代词宾格 + 介词短语 / 分词 / 不定式 / 形容词 / 副词 / 名词
The teacher entered the classroom，with a book in hand. (表示伴随)
The classroom is very bright，with all lights turned on. (表示时间)
I can't go to the party，with a lot of homework to do. (表示原因)
[ 省略句 ] 为了避免重复
[ 并列句 ] and，while
1. 并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略
He often regards English as easy and (He often regards) French as difficult.
他经常把英语看作容易学的，而法语是难学的
This happened and (it was) a good thing too, for it help us to find out our shortcomings.
这件事发生了，但也是好事，因为它帮助我们找到我们自己的缺陷
In out class boys like sports, while girls do not (like sports).
我们班男生都喜欢运动，而女生不喜欢
[ 状语从句 ] 主语 和 be
2. 在用 when，while，if，as if，though，although，as，until，whether 等连接词引导的状语从句中
① 从句谓语有be
② 从句主语跟主句的主语相同，或是it时
从句的 主语 和 be 可以省略
When (water is) heated，water is turned into vapour.
水加热时变成气体
Wood gives much smoke，while (wood is) burning.
木头燃烧时放出很多烟
Mistakes，if (there are) any，should be corrected.
如果有什么错误，就应该改正
When (I am) in trouble，I always ask her for help.
我有困难时总找他帮忙
He works very hard though (he is) still rather weak.
他尽管身体弱，但也十分努力工作
Please write to me as often as (it is) possible.
请来信
He made up his mind to finish the task whether (it was) difficult or not.
这个任务不论困难与否，他都决定干完
3. 在 than，as，no matter what(who) 等分句后面经常省略某些成分
I am taller than then he (is tall).
我比他高
Anyone，no matter who (he is)，may point out our mistakes.
不管是什么人，都可以指出我们的错误
[ 宾语从句 ] 省略that
4. 在 know，think，consider，suppose，find，believe，say，decide 等动词后面，所接的宾语从句中省略连接词that
I think (that) I will accept that job. 我想我会接受这份工作
I believe (that) I can do it. 我相信我能做到的
11. 动词短语 接that 去掉介词
I insist (on) that we must learn ....
We insist (upon it) that the old workers have rich experience in practice.
We agreed (upon) that it was a mistake.
[ 定语从句 ] 省略that
5. 限定性定语从句，关系代词 whom，which，that 做宾语省略
在以 the same ... as 或 such ... as 引导的某些定语从句中，省略与主句相同的成分
This is one of the best films (that) I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影之一
She is the girl (whom) he wants to see. 她就是他想见的女孩
I don't like such books as this (is). 我不喜欢这种书
I hope to get such a dictionary as / which he is using.
I hope to get the same dictionary as he is using.
We will give you such information as will help you in your work.
[ 同位语从句 ] 省略that
6. there be 句型，修饰主语的同位语从句省略连接词
在 there be句型中，连接词做主语的定语从句省略连接词
there be + 名词 that 同位语，fact / news
There is a chance (that) he will be able to be back for New Year's Day.
There is possibility (that) we'll go
There is a table (that) stands in the corner.
7. 祈使句，感叹句，部分问句，部分第一人称陈述句
7.1祈使句省略主语you
Close the window ! 关窗
Don't be shy！不要害羞
7.2 感叹句
What a wide river (it is)! 多宽的河啊
How beautiful (you are)! 多美丽啊
7.3 部分问句
Right? 对吗
Why not? Why so? What next? So what?
(Is there) Anybody willing to go? 谁愿意去啊
7.4 部分第一人称陈述句
(I am) Glad to see you.
(it is) Nice to meet you again.
8.使用 so，not 等替代上文问句部分句意
-Can he do this work?
-I think so. = I think he can do it.
She may not be free today，if so，you won't see her.
-Can you doi this work?
-I am afraid not = I am afraid I can't do this work.
-Will they put you to any trouble in the matter?
-I hope not.
10. the + 比较级... . the + 比较级
The higher the temperature, the greater the pressure.
[ 动词不定式 ] to be + 形容词
9. 某些动词后面的宾补或主补，可以省略to be
They found the answer (to be) correct. 他们认为答案是正确的
These books are thought (to be) very valuable. 人们认为这些书很有价值
12. to + 动词与主句相同 省略
Nothing can stop him from sleeping when he wants to (sleep).
You may go home if you like (to).
[ 虚拟语气 ] 省略should
13. 虚拟语气省略should
I suggest that he (should) study more English before going abroad.
The UN has demanded that all troops (should) be withdrawn.
It will be better that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
14. so + that 连接从句 省略 so 或者 that.
Something may be wrong (so) that the machine has stopped running.
We are so tired，(so) that we'd better hurry home.
[ 固定结构 ]
15. 省略 in
Spend ... (in) doing sth.
be busy (in) doing sth.
have difficult / trouble (in) doing sth.
I spent six months writing this textbook.
They are busy painting the wall.
We have trouble carrying out the project.
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