德甲联赛分析

最新推荐文章于 2025-04-27 09:41:39 发布

李_涛

最新推荐文章于 2025-04-27 09:41:39 发布

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原文链接：https://towardsdatascience.com/analysis-of-the-german-football-league-bundesliga-35b8ee28765d

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This article is a journey through the history of the Bundesliga. Analyzing historical data (all classifications from 1963 until 2020), we will be able to answer many questions about the German league. What teams won the German league? What teams nearly won the Bundesliga? When did Bayern’s hegemony start? What teams receive more penalties? … and many more! Continue reading ▶️

本文是对德甲联赛历史的一次旅程。分析历史数据(从1963年到2020年的所有分类)，我们将能够回答有关德国联赛的许多问题。哪些球队赢得了德国联赛？哪些球队几乎赢得了德甲联赛冠军？拜仁的霸权何时开始？哪些球队会受到更多处罚？ … 还有很多！继续阅读▶️

介绍 (Introduction)

Let’s make a brief introduction for those that have never heard about the German league. 🙌

让我们为从未听说过德国联赛的人做一个简短的介绍。 🙌

The German football league commonly known as the Bundesliga is the first national football league in Germany, being one of the most popular professional sports leagues across the world. It was founded in 1963 after the unification of five regional leagues from West Germany and consisted initially of 16 teams.

德国足球联赛俗称德甲联赛，是德国第一个国家足球联赛，是世界上最受欢迎的职业体育联赛之一。它成立于1963年，是西德的五个地区联盟统一起来的，最初由16支球队组成。

At the end of a match, the winning team is rewarded with three points (before the season 1995–96 with 2 points) and the losing team with zero. In case of a tie, both teams are rewarded with 1 point.

比赛结束时，获胜的球队得到3分(在1995–96赛季之前获得2分)，输掉的球队得到0分。如果出现平局，两队将获得1分的奖励。

In many European leagues, the bottom three teams are automatically relegated to the second division. On the contrary, in the Bundesliga, only the bottom two are directly relegated to the 2 Bundesliga. The 16th team in the Bundesliga and the 3th in the 2 Bundesliga contest a two-legged play-off for a place in the first division.

在许多欧洲联赛中，排在最后的三支球队自动降级为第二组。相反，在德甲联赛中，仅底部的两个直接降级到2个德甲联赛。德甲联赛第16支球队和德甲联赛第2支第3支球队争夺两脚附加赛，争夺一等奖。

The introduction is made! Now, we are ready to analyze the data ❤️

进行介绍！现在，我们准备分析数据❤️

Web数据提取 (Web data extraction)

The historical data of the Bundesliga (from 1963 until 2020) was scraped from Bdfutbol.com. This website contains football rankings of the best European leagues.

德甲联赛的历史数据(从1963年到2020年)是从Bdfutbol.com上收集的。该网站包含欧洲最佳联赛的足球排名。

To scrape the data, we have used BeautifulSoup which is a popular Python library for extracting information from an HTML page. After obtaining all the data, we have stored it in a Pandas data frame for further processing.

为了抓取数据，我们使用了BeautifulSoup，这是一个流行的Python库，用于从HTML页面提取信息。获取所有数据后，我们将其存储在Pandas数据框中以进行进一步处理。

The programming code used in this analysis is available here. You can take a look at it as you read the article.

此分析中使用的编程代码可在此处获得。阅读本文时，您可以对其进行查看。

数据清理 (Data Cleaning)

Data Cleaning is the process of transforming raw data into a standardized form that can easily be analyzed with data analytics tools. In this particular case, before analyzing the data using Pandas, we perform a few cleaning operations. First, we remove unnecessary columns and rename the remaining ones using English terms (remember that the data was scraped from a Spanish website). Then, we modify the wrong data types. The column points (points obtained by a team during a particular season) is of data type object instead of integer due to the presence of asterisks. These asterisks are used to refer to explanations at the bottom of the web page and they are not relevant for this analysis. In fact, the data type is not imported correctly because of the existence of these asterisks in some entries of the column. Therefore, we have to remove them, before converting the column points to an integer data type.

数据清理是将原始数据转换为可以使用数据分析工具轻松分析的标准化形式的过程。在这种特殊情况下，在使用Pandas分析数据之前，我们将执行一些清理操作。首先，我们删除不必要的列，并使用英语术语重命名其余的列(请记住，数据是从西班牙语网站中抓取的)。然后，我们修改了错误的数据类型。由于存在星号，列点(团队在特定季节获得的点)是数据类型的对象，而不是整数。这些星号用于引用网页底部的说明，它们与该分析无关。实际上，由于在列的某些条目中存在这些星号，因此数据类型未正确导入。因此，我们必须先删除它们，然后再将列点转换为整数数据类型。

After cleaning the data, we obtain a Pandas data frame that can be easily processed to extract conclusions. As shown below, the data frame contains information such as the number of games won, drawn, and lost, the number of yellow and red cards, the number of points, and the position in the ranking of all teams that took part in the Bundesliga from 1963 until 2020.

清理数据后，我们获得了一个熊猫数据框，可以轻松对其进行处理以得出结论。如下图所示，数据框包含诸如获胜，平局和输局的次数，黄牌和红牌的数量，积分的数量以及参加德甲联赛所有团队的排名中的信息。从1963年到2020年。

德国联赛冠军 (German league winners)

The Bundesliga has been played by 57 different clubs during its 57 years of existence (up to the season 2019–20); however, only twelve of them got their hands on the trophy. The following plot shows the German league winners from season 1963–64 until 2019–20.

在德甲联赛存在的57年中(截至2019-20赛季)，已有57个俱乐部效力。但是，只有十二个人得到了奖杯。下图显示了1963–64赛季至2019-20赛季的德国联赛冠军。

As shown above, Bayern München is the most successful club in the history of the Bundesliga with 29 titles, which represents more than 50% of the leagues. The next most successful teams are Borussia Mönchengladbach and Borussia Dortmund which has won the Bundesliga five times. Apart from them, other teams such as Werder Bremen, Hamburger, Stuttgart, Köln, and Kaiserslautern also had the honor of lifting the Bundesliga trophy multiple times.

如上所示，拜仁慕尼黑是德甲历史上最成功的俱乐部，拥有29个冠军头衔，占联盟总数的50％以上。接下来的最成功的球队是门兴格拉德巴赫足球俱乐部和多特蒙德足球俱乐部，他们已经五次夺得德甲联赛冠军。除此以外，其他车队，例如不来梅，汉堡，斯图加特，科隆和凯撒斯劳滕，也曾多次举起德甲奖杯。

德国联赛亚军 (German league runner-ups)

There are 6 football teams that have never won the league but they were on one or more occasions runner-ups: Alemannia Aachen, Bayer Leverkusen, Hertha Berliner, Meidericher, RB Leipzig, and Schalke 04. As shown below, Schalke 04 and Bayer Leverkusen have been particularly unlucky being runner-ups of the Bundesliga 7 and 5 times respectively. Additionally, we can also observe that Bayern Munich is the club that has been on more occasions runner-up of the Bundesliga (10 times).

有6支从未赢得过联赛冠军的橄榄球队，但他们曾一次或多次获得亚军：亚历曼尼亚·亚琛，拜耳·勒沃库森，赫塔·柏林人，迈德里希尔，RB莱比锡和沙尔克04。如下图所示，沙尔克04和拜耳·勒沃库森特别不幸的是，他们分别获得了德甲联赛的7和5次亚军。此外，我们还可以观察到拜仁慕尼黑俱乐部多次获得德甲联赛亚军(10次)。

In the season 2016–17, RB Leipzig finished second in the Bundesliga. The club was just founded in 2009 and is currently one of the leading teams in Germany mainly because of the significant investments made by the company Red Bull.

在2016-17赛季，莱比锡RB在德甲联赛中排名第二。该俱乐部成立于2009年，目前是德国领先的球队之一，这主要是由于Red Bull公司的大量投资。

第一部门的总赛季数(前10名) (Total number of seasons in the first division (Top 10))

Werder Bremen holds the record for having played the most seasons in the German league. They have played the Bundesliga in 56 of its 57 seasons, being relegated to the second division only on one occasion. Bayern München has played in the Bundesliga uninterrupted since 1965, and Hamburger from 1963 until 2018, both of them 55 seasons in total. Apart from the aforementioned clubs, Borussia Dortmund, Stuttgart, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Schalke 04, and Eintracht Frankfurt have also participated in the German league more than 50 seasons.

不来梅(Werder Bremen)保持了德国联赛中效力最多的赛季纪录。他们参加了57个赛季中的56个赛季的德甲联赛，仅一次降级到了乙级联赛。拜仁慕尼黑队自1965年以来一直在德甲效力，从1963年至2018年在汉堡队效力，这两个赛季总共有55个赛季。除上述俱乐部外，多特蒙德足球俱乐部，斯图加特足球俱乐部，门兴格拉德巴赫足球俱乐部，沙尔克04和法兰克福足球俱乐部也参加了德国联赛50多个赛季。

In the last season (2019–20), all the teams from the image above played in the Bundesliga with the exception of Hamburger, Stuttgart, and Kaiserslautern.

在上个赛季(2019-20赛季)，除了汉堡包，斯图加特和凯泽斯劳滕队外，所有上图中的球队都参加了德甲联赛。

每个赛季在德国联赛中的球队数量 (Number of teams in the German league per season)

The Bundesliga began with 16 teams in 1963 and it was enlarged to 18 teams in 1965. Since then, the number of clubs in the Bundesliga has remained unchanged with the exception of the season 1991–92. In that season, the league was temporarily expanded (20 teams) to accommodate the clubs from former East Germany.

德甲联赛从1963年的16支球队开始，到1965年扩大到18支。从那时起，德甲联赛的俱乐部数量保持不变，除了1991-92赛季。在那个赛季，联盟暂时扩大了(20支球队)，以容纳来自前东德的俱乐部。

Currently, 18 teams play in the German league. The same number of teams participate in the Primeira Liga (Portugal), and the Eredivisie (Holand). On the contrary, 20 teams take part in the Serie A (Italy), the Liga (Spain), the Ligue 1 (France), and the Premier League (England). Nowadays, there is still a debate over whether two more teams should be included in the Bundesliga to be in line with the most important European leagues.

目前，有18支球队参加德国联赛。同样数量的车队参加了西甲的Primeira Liga(葡萄牙)和埃里迪维西的Eredivisie(荷兰)。相反，有20支球队参加了意甲(意大利)，西甲(西班牙)，利甲1(法国)和英超(英格兰)。如今，关于是否应再将两支球队加入德甲联赛以与最重要的欧洲联赛保持一致，仍存在争议。

联赛数量的演变 (Evolution of the number of leagues)

The Bundesliga has been clearly dominated throughout its history by Bayern München winning more than half of the total leagues. Since 2000, Bayern München has won 14 out of 20 leagues, being for other teams almost impossible to compete against the Reds. But has the Bundesliga always been dominated by Bayern München? When did the Bayern’s hegemony begin? Let’s clarify all questions with a simple plot.

整个德甲联赛中，拜仁慕尼黑显然占据了半数以上的冠军头衔。自2000年以来，拜仁慕尼黑队在20场联赛中赢得了14场，对其他球队来说几乎不可能与红军竞争。但是德甲联赛是否一直被拜仁慕尼黑所统治？拜仁的霸权何时开始？让我们用一个简单的图来阐明所有问题。

The following interactive line chart shows the evolution of the number of leagues by team. To properly visualize the results, you can deactivate some traces and only visualize those you are interested in. You can show or hide traces by clicking on their associated legend item. Additionally, you can get information about a data point (season and number of leagues) by hovering the mouse over it.

下面的交互式折线图显示了按团队划分的联赛数量的演变。为了正确地可视化结果，您可以停用一些迹线，而仅可视化那些您感兴趣的迹线。您可以通过单击其关联的图例项来显示或隐藏迹线。此外，将鼠标悬停在数据点上可以获取有关数据点的信息(季节和联赛数)。

演示地址

The Bundesliga was won by seven teams in its first seven seasons: Köln (1963–64), Werder Bremen (1964–65), 1860 München (1965–66), Eintracht Braunschweig (1966–67), Nürnberg (1967–68), Bayern München (1968–69), and Borussia Mönchengladbach(1969–70).

德甲联赛在前七个赛季中赢得了七支球队的冠军：科隆(1963–64)，不来梅(1964-65)，慕尼黑1860(1965–66)，不伦瑞克(1966-67)，纽伦堡(1967–68) ，拜仁慕尼黑(1968–69)和白俄罗斯门兴格拉德巴赫(1969–70)。

In the seventies, the German league was dominated by two clubs, none of them founding members of the Bundesliga in 1963: Borussia Mönchengladbach and Bayern München. Only these two clubs had the honor of lifting the Bundesliga trophy from 1969 until 1977.

七十年代，德国联赛由两家具乐部主导，但都没有在1963年成立德甲联赛成员：门兴格拉德巴赫足球俱乐部和拜仁慕尼黑足球俱乐部。从1969年到1977年，只有这两家俱乐部才有幸摘得德甲奖杯。

Borussia Mönchengladbach’s glory days were in the seventies. Under the supervision of Hennes Weisweiler (1964–1975) and Udo Lattek (1975–1979), the Foals won five Bundesliga trophies, two UEFA Cups, and they even reached the Championsleague final in 1977, which they lost against Liverpool.

门兴格拉德巴赫足球俱乐部的辉煌时期是70年代。在Hennes Weisweiler(1964–1975)和Udo Lattek(1975–1979)的监督下，马驹队赢得了5个德甲奖杯，两次UEFA杯，甚至在1977年杀入了冠军联赛决赛，输给了利物浦。

From the mid-eighties on, Bayern Munich has totally dominated the Bundesliga. So far, they have won more titles than all the other teams put together. However, Bayern’s hegemony has been broken several times since then. In the 90s, Kaiserslautern got their hands in the trophy two times (1990–91 and 1997–98), winning the second league just after being promoted from the 2 Bundesliga. In 2008, after defeating Bayer by 2 points, Wolfsburg won their first Bundesliga and qualified for the first time in their history for the Champions League. The last team that challenged Bayern’s hegemony was Borussia Dortmund under the charismatic guidance of Jurgen Klopp way back in 2012, the last year the Bundesliga had a champion that was not Bayern. Since then, Bayern München has won the Bundesliga eight times in a row. Nowadays, Bayern München is Germany’s most successful football club both at home and in Europe.

从八十年代中期开始，拜仁慕尼黑就完全统治了德甲。到目前为止，他们赢得的冠军头衔比其他所有球队加起来还要多。但是，此后，拜仁的霸权被打破了好几次。在90年代，凯泽斯劳滕(Kaiserslautern)两次获得奖杯(1990–91年和1997–98年)，仅在从2个德甲晋升后就获得了第二个联赛冠军。 2008年，在以2分击败拜耳之后，沃尔夫斯堡获得了他们的第一个德甲联赛冠军，并且有史以来第一次获得了欧洲冠军联赛的参赛资格。挑战拜仁霸权的最后一支球队是多特蒙德足球俱乐部(Brussia Dortmund)，在2012年尤尔根·克洛普(Jurgen Klopp)的超凡魅力指导下，去年德甲联赛的冠军并非拜仁。从那时起，拜仁慕尼黑连续八次赢得德甲联赛冠军。如今，拜仁慕尼黑是德国无论在国内还是在欧洲，最成功的足球俱乐部。

All the aforesaid can also be observed in the following plot which shows the number of leagues by team and decade.

所有上述内容也可以在下面的图表中看到，该图表显示了按球队和十年划分的联赛数量。

球队的历史表现 (Historical performance of teams)

The following interactive plot shows the historical performance (position in the ranking over the year) of all teams that have played in the Bundesliga. To display the historical data, we have to select the team using the drop-down list located in the upper left corner. We will notice that in some seasons there is no data available, meaning the selected team has not participated in the first division in that particular year. Feel free to check the performance of the teams you are more interested in 💚

以下互动图显示了参加德甲联赛的所有球队的历史表现(一年中排名中的位置)。要显示历史数据，我们必须使用左上角的下拉列表选择团队。我们会注意到，在某些季节中没有可用的数据，这意味着所选团队在该特定年份没有参加过第一部门。随时检查您更感兴趣的团队的表现💚

演示地址

德甲的黄牌和红牌 (Yellow and red cards in the Bundesliga)

There is one thing that most football fans across the world take for granted: the use cards. However, it was not until 1970 at the World Cup in Mexico that the yellow and red card system was used for the first time in football. The system was invented in 1966 by the English referee Ken Aston who noticed that many times football players did not understand or just ignored the warnings made by referees which at the time were orally communicated. Then, inspired by the colors of the traffic lights (red and yellow) and their meanings, Aston created a color-coding scheme to clearly indicate that a football player has been cautioned or expelled.

全世界大多数足球迷都想一想：使用卡。但是，直到1970年在墨西哥举行的世界杯足球赛上，才首次使用黄牌和红牌系统。该系统是由英国裁判肯·阿斯顿(Ken Aston)于1966年发明的，他注意到很多时候足球运动员都不理解或只是忽略了裁判的警告，当时警告是通过口头传达的。然后，在交通信号灯(红色和黄色)的颜色及其含义的启发下，阿斯顿创建了一种颜色编码方案，以清楚地表明足球运动员已被警告或开除。

The use of yellow and red cards was implemented in the Bundesliga in the season 1970–71. A few years later in 1991, a combined yellow/red card was introduced in the German league. The player receives a yellow/red card after getting a second yellow card in the same game, implying that he has to leave the game and is excluded for the next match. On the contrary, the player is barred from the competition for a longer time when receiving directly a red card. Additionally, if a player accumulates five yellow cards, we will also be excluded from the competition for the next game.

在德甲联赛1970-71赛季开始使用黄牌和红牌。几年后的1991年，德国联赛引入了黄/红卡组合。玩家在同一游戏中获得第二张黄牌后收到黄/红牌，这意味着他必须离开游戏，并且在下一场比赛中被排除在外。相反，当直接收到红牌时，球员将被禁止参加比赛更长的时间。此外，如果玩家累积了五张黄牌，我们也将被排除在下一场比赛的比赛之外。

The following plot shows the total number of red cards per season. As I previously said, before the year 1971, the referee announced to the player his fines verbally. In the figure below, prior to 1971, red cards represent football players that were expelled during the match only with words (without using cards). Prior to the use of cards, players often did not receive penalties. Only in special cases (really strong fouls), football players were expelled from the game.

下图显示了每个季节的红牌总数。正如我之前所说，在1971年之前，裁判员向球员口头宣布了罚款。在下图中，1971年之前，红牌表示足球比赛期间被踢出的足球运动员，只用文字(不使用纸牌)。在使用纸牌之前，玩家通常不会受到处罚。仅在特殊情况下(确实犯规)，足球运动员才被踢出比赛。

We observe a growing tendency (particularly fast in the 80s) until the mid-nineties. From that moment on, the total amount of red cards is slowly decreasing over time.

直到九十年代中期，我们观察到一种增长的趋势(特别是在80年代很快)。从那一刻起，红卡的总数逐渐减少。

Likewise, the plot below shows the total number of yellow cards per season.

同样，下图显示了每个季节的黄牌总数。

The total number of yellow cards per season has grown steadily from 1971 until the nineties. From this time on, the number of cards remains nearly constant around 1200 cards per season.

从1971年到90年代，每个季节的黄牌总数一直稳定增长。从那时起，每个赛季的卡数几乎保持不变，大约为1200卡。

In a previous article, we have analyzed the Spanish league (link here!). After comparing the results, we can observe that the evolution of the number of red and yellow cards over the years follows the same pattern in both leagues as shown below. However, the players in the Spanish league receive substantially more cards than players in the Bundesliga (although they play only two more games).

在上一篇文章中，我们分析了西班牙联赛( 链接在这里！ )。比较结果之后，我们可以观察到，多年来红卡和黄卡数量的变化在两个联赛中遵循相同的模式，如下所示。但是，西班牙甲级联赛的球员比德甲联赛的球员得到的牌要多得多(尽管他们只玩两场比赛)。

Now, maybe you’re wondering: What teams received more cards in the last seasons?

现在，也许您在想：上个赛季哪些球队获得了更多的卡片？

The following plots show the average number of red and yellow cards by team from 2000 until 2020. As shown below, Bayern Munich is one of the teams that receive on average fewer cards per season. The same happens in Spain with Real Madrid and Barcelona, as we analyzed in prior articles.

下图显示了从2000年到2020年每队平均红卡和黄牌的数量。如下图所示，拜仁慕尼黑是每个赛季平均减少红牌的球队之一。正如我们在之前的文章中所分析的，在西班牙，皇家马德里和巴塞罗那也发生了同样的情况。

最近10年的表现(拜仁慕尼黑vs多特蒙德) (Performance in the last 10 years (Bayern München vs Borussia Dortmund))

Bayern Munich has totally dominated the Bundesliga in the last 10 years winning 8 titles in a row. During that time, the only team that has challenged Bayern’s hegemony has been Borussia Dortmund; however, Bayern München has demonstrated stronger defensive skills than its direct rival.

在过去的十年中，拜仁慕尼黑完全统治了德甲联赛，并连续八次夺冠。在此期间，唯一挑战拜仁霸主的球队是多特蒙德队；但是，拜仁慕尼黑的防守技巧比直接对手要强。

The following plots show the goals for and against from 2010 until 2020 of both teams. In the two seasons in which Dortmund won the title (2010–11 and 2011–12), the black and yellows were defensively as good as the Reds, even much better in the season 2011. However, since then, Bayern München has shown a greater balance in attack and defense which explains its success in the last eight seasons.

下图显示了这两个团队从2010年到2020年的目标。在多特蒙德赢得冠军的两个赛季(2010-11和2011-12)中，黑色和黄色在防守端的表现与红军一样好，在2011赛季甚至更高。但是从那时起，拜仁慕尼黑表现出了出色的表现。攻守平衡更高，这说明了它在过去八个赛季中的成功。