nlp,语义_nlp词汇语义

nlp,语义

Finding out the computational meaning of word is an exciting process. However, I thought I would closer into one concept relating to how we can think about words. I write this article to learn more, and I will attempt to keep it as short as possible. This one concept mentioned is:

找出单词的计算含义是一个令人兴奋的过程。 但是，我想我会更深入地介绍一个有关如何思考单词的概念。 我写这篇文章以了解更多信息，并且我将尝试使其尽可能短。 提到的这一概念是：

1. Lexical semantics.
   词汇语义。

单词是什么意思？ (What do words mean?)

What do individual words mean?

单个单词是什么意思？

That seems like an easy question if you talk to someone.

如果您与某人交谈，这似乎是一个简单的问题。

Say for example: forward.

例如说：转发。

Let us take two sentences.

让我们听两句话。

“Forward into the ocean.”

“走进大海。”

“She was leaning forward.”

“她向前倾斜。”

We can separate forward in both these cases.

在这两种情况下，我们都可以分开。

‘Forward’ or ‘forward’ operates in two different contexts relating to other words.

“前进”或“前进”在与其他词相关的两种不同上下文中运行。

Lexical semantics: is about individual words in context.

词汇语义：是关于上下文中的单个单词。

There are lexical relations, how meaning relate to each other.

存在词汇关系，意义之间如何相互联系。

According to Wikipedia, the study of lexical semantics looks at:

根据维基百科，词汇语义学的研究着眼于：

• “The classification and decomposition of lexical items

  “词汇项的分类和分解

• The differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure cross-linguistically

  跨语言的词汇语义结构的异同

• The relationship of lexical meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.”

  词义与句子义和句法的关系。”

“Forward into the ocean.” Is a sentence where the forward is referring to ‘ocean’ connected by into. “She was leaning forward.” This on the other hand refers to ‘she’ and a past tense action.

“走进大海。” 是一个句子，其中前锋指的是由in所连接的“海洋”。 “她向前倾斜。” 另一方面，这是指“她”和过去式动作。

Clearly, one can tell based on English language that these are different, but how are these semantics represented? How can we recognise the meaning of these two?

显然，可以根据英语说出这些不同之处，但是这些语义是如何表示的呢？ 我们怎么能认出这两个的含义？

One can see how other words relate to that one word. The following examples are taken from the Wikipedia page on lexical semantics.

可以看到其他单词与该单词有何关系。 以下示例摘自Wikipedia页面上的词法语义。

Hyponymy and hypernymy: “…refers to a relationship between a general term and the more specific terms that fall under the category of the general term.”

副词和上位词： “…是指一般术语与属于该一般术语类别的更具体术语之间的关系。”

Color (hypernym) → red, green, yellow, blue (hyponyms)

Then there are synonyms, and this may be more commonly known. Synonymy refers to: “…words that are pronounced and spelled differently but contain the same meaning.”

然后是同义词，这可能更常见。 同义词指的是：“…发音和拼写不同但含义相同的单词。”

Happy, joyful, glad

Antonymy refers to words that are related by having the opposite meanings to each other. There are three types of antonyms: graded antonyms, complementary antonyms, and relational antonyms.

反义词是指彼此具有相反含义的相关单词。 反义词分为三种：分级反义词，互补反义词和关系反义词。

dead, alive
long, short

Homonymy is about the relationship between words that are spelled or pronounced the same way, but hold different meanings.

同义是指拼写或发音相同但含义不同的单词之间的关系。

bank (of river)
bank (financial institution)

Lexical items can map onto events too.

词汇项也可以映射到事件。

There can be states, processes and transition.

可以有状态，过程和过渡。

a. The door is closed.
b. The door closed.
c. John closed the door.

“(1a) defines the state of the door being closed; there is no opposition in this predicate. (1b) and (1c) both have predicates showing transitions of the door going from being implicitly open to closed. (1b) gives the intransitive use of the verb close, with no explicit mention of the causer, but (1c) makes explicit mention of the agent involved in the action.”

“(1a)定义了门的关闭状态； 这个谓词没有反对意见。 (1b)和(1c)都具有表示门从隐式打开到关闭的转换的谓词。 (1b)给出了动词close的不及物动词用法，没有明确提及原因，但(1c)明确提及了涉及该行为的主体。”

If you are interested in reading more on the practical application within NLP I would recommend checking out this post by HuggingFace written by Thomas Wolf.

如果您有兴趣阅读有关NLP中实际应用的更多信息，我建议您阅读Thomas Wolf撰写的HuggingFace的这篇文章。

This is #500daysofAI and you are reading article 464. I am writing one new article about or related to artificial intelligence every day for 500 days.

这是＃500daysofAI，您正在阅读文章464。在500天内，我每天都在撰写一篇有关人工智能或与人工智能有关的新文章。

翻译自: https://medium.com/swlh/nlp-lexical-semantics-866545b04f81

nlp,语义