数理方程：二阶线性偏微分方程的分类和标准式

更新：9 APR 2016

========方法========

对于任意的二元二阶齐次线性偏微分方程，

\(a_{11}\dfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2}+2a_{12}\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x\partial y}+a_{22}\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2}+b_1\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}+b_2\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}+cu=0\)

求特征方程、确定分类、化为标准型的方法为：

1.截：只关心其中的二阶部分

\(a_{11}\dfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2}+2a_{12}\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x\partial y}+a_{22}\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2}=0\)

2.换：将偏导数换成dx、dy

\(\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} \rightarrow (dy)^2\)

\(\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2} \rightarrow (dx)^2\)

\(\dfrac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x\partial y} \rightarrow \color{red}{\textbf{–}}(dxdy)\) 注意负号！

\(a_{