【Camera】手机相机自动对焦的3种方式及原理

本文介绍了手机相机的三种自动对焦技术:反差对焦(CDAF)、相位对焦(PDAF)和激光对焦(LDAF)。反差对焦是最常见的,但速度较慢;相位对焦速度快,但在弱光环境下效果不佳;激光对焦适用于微距和弱光环境,但速度一般。
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目前在手机上采用的自动对焦系统包括反差对焦、相位对焦和激光对焦三种方案。

反差对焦-CDAF(Contrast Detection Auto Focus)

反差对焦是目前普及率最高、使用最广泛、成本相对较低的自动对焦技术,也称对比度对焦

对焦的过程就是通过移动镜片来使对焦区域的图像达到最清晰的过程,所以对焦成功以后,直观的感受就是焦点的清晰度最高,而焦点以外的区域表现为相对模糊的状态。

采用反差对焦的相机,当我们对准被摄物体时,镜头模组内的马达便会驱动镜片从底部向顶部移动,在这个过程中,像素传感器将会对整个场景范围进行纵深方向上的全面检测,并持续记录对比度等反差数值。找出反差最大位置后,运动到顶部的镜片则会重新回到该位置,完成最终的对焦

所以使用反差对焦的手机在拍照过程中,如果取景框中的物体位置、内容发生了变动,我们的肉眼就可以观察到屏幕上的内容由模糊到清晰再到模糊的过

1) Basic concepts of Auto Focus Algorithm 1.1) AF Detection methods There are two focus detection (AF) methods. 1) Distance detection method. 2) Contrast detection method. 1.1.1) Distance detection method The distance detection method is that the camera use AF module for detecting distance for main objects. If the camera is used this AF method, it will not need to use CCD to detect object’s contrast. There are three types of AF modules. 1. Active AF module 2. Passive AF module 3. TTL AF module 1.1.1.1) Active AF module Active AF systems measure distance to the subject independently of the optical system, and subsequently adjust the optical system for correct focus. There are various ways to measure distance, including ultrasonic sound waves and infrared light. In the first case, sound waves are emitted from the camera, and by measuring the delay in their reflection, distance to the subject is calculated. Polaroid cameras were known for successfully applying this system. In the latter case, infrared light is usually used to triangulate the distance to the subject. An exception to the two-step approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers, which adjust the lens directly. 1.1.1.2) Passive AF module Passive AF systems determine correct focus by performing passive analysis of the image that is entering the optical system. They generally do not direct any energy, such as ultrasonic sound or infrared light waves, toward the subject. (However, an autofocus assist beam of usually infrared light is required when there is not enough light to take passive measurements.) Passive autofocusing can be achieved by phase detection or contrast measurement.
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