计算机结构(Computer Architecture) --------- 基础知识(Basic Knowledge)

  • Turing Machine: The idea of a universal computational device was first described by Alan Turing in 1937.

 

 

  • Von Neumann Model: Computers built on the von Neumann model divide the computer hardware into four subsystems.(ALU、Cu、M、I/O)

 

  • CPU耗能功率计算:
    • 焦耳定律:热能 Q= I^{2}\ast R\ast t ;(J)

    • W 功 \mapsto 包含热能和其它形式能 ;(J)

    • 纯电阻电路 W = Q,即功全部用来发热 ;

    • 功率 p= W/t ; (W)

    • Dynamic energy: 电势能E (W = E)(电容器)

      Energy = 1/2*Capacitive load * voltage^{2} = 1/2*CU^{2} ; (J)
    • Dynamic power功率

              power =1/2*Capacitive load*Voltage^{2}*Frequency = E/t = W/t ; (W)

 

  • CPU效能计算:
    • 时钟周期(Clock Cycle):CPU工作的基本单位,完成一个动作需要的时间。

    • 机器周期:一般由几个时钟周期组成。

    • 指令周期:一般由几个机器周期组成。

    • CPI: 执行每条计算机指令平均使用时钟周期。

    • CPU主频:1秒钟能重复一个动作的次数。

      Ex.: CPU主频:2.8Ghz \mapsto Clock Cycle = 1/2.8Ghz = 0.36ns ;

 

  • IC成本计算:
    • die为晶片,wafer为晶元,yield即为良率。

Ex.: Find the number of dies per 300mm (30cm) wafer for a die that is 1.5 cm on a side.

Ex.: Find the die yield for dies that are 1.5cm on a side, assuming a defect density of 0.031 per cm2 and N is 13.5.

       Assuming the wafer yield is 100%

 

  • 性能提升计算:
    • Speedup(overall)为总提速,Fraction(enhanced)为提速区块,Speedup(enhanced)提速区块提升的倍速。

E.g:The enhanced CPU is 10 times faster on computation but the same speed on I/O. Suppose also that 60% of the time is waiting on I/O.

             Speedup(overall) = 1/[(1-0.4)+(0.4/10)] ≈ 1.56 ;

 

 

仅为个人理解,如有不足,请指教。 https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_35811044

从别人那儿下的,没有书签,自己加上的 Through four editions of this book, our goal has been to describe the basic principles underlying what will be tomorrow's technological developments. Our excitement about the opportunities in computer architecture has not abated, and we echo what we said about the field in the first edition: "It is not a dreary science of paper machines that will never work. No! It's a discipline of keen intellectual interest, requiring the balance of marketplace forces to cost-performance-power, leading to glorious failures and some notable successes." Our primary objective in writing our first book was to change the way people learn and think about computer architecture. We feel this goal is still valid and important. The field is changing daily and must be studied with real examples and measurements on real computers, rather than simply as a collection of definitions and designs that will never need to be realized. We offer an enthusiastic welcome to anyone who came along with us in the past, as well as to those who are joining us now. Either way, we can promise the same quantitative approach to, and analysis of, real systems. As with earlier versions, we have strived to produce a new edition that will continue to be as relevant for professional engineers and architects as it is for those involved in advanced computer architecture and design courses. As much as its predecessors, this edition aims to demystify computer architecture through an emphasis on cost-performance-power trade-offs and good engineering design. We believe that the field has continued to mature and move toward the rigorous quantitative foundation of long-established scientific and engineering disciplines.
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