- Turing Machine: The idea of a universal computational device was first described by Alan Turing in 1937.
- Von Neumann Model: Computers built on the von Neumann model divide the computer hardware into four subsystems.(ALU、Cu、M、I/O)
- CPU耗能功率计算:
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焦耳定律:热能
;(J)
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W 功
包含热能和其它形式能 ;(J)
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纯电阻电路 W = Q,即功全部用来发热 ;
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功率
; (W)
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Dynamic energy: 电势能E (W = △E)(电容器)
; (J)
- Dynamic power:功率
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; (W)
- CPU效能计算:
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时钟周期(Clock Cycle):CPU工作的基本单位,完成一个动作需要的时间。
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机器周期:一般由几个时钟周期组成。
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指令周期:一般由几个机器周期组成。
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CPI: 执行每条计算机指令平均使用时钟周期。
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CPU主频:1秒钟能重复一个动作的次数。
Ex.: CPU主频:2.8Ghz
Clock Cycle = 1/2.8Ghz = 0.36ns ;
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- IC成本计算:
- die为晶片,wafer为晶元,yield即为良率。
Ex.: Find the number of dies per 300mm (30cm) wafer for a die that is 1.5 cm on a side.
Ex.: Find the die yield for dies that are 1.5cm on a side, assuming a defect density of 0.031 per cm2 and N is 13.5.
Assuming the wafer yield is 100%
- 性能提升计算:
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Speedup(overall)为总提速,Fraction(enhanced)为提速区块,Speedup(enhanced)提速区块提升的倍速。
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E.g:The enhanced CPU is 10 times faster on computation but the same speed on I/O. Suppose also that 60% of the time is waiting on I/O.
Speedup(overall) = 1/[(1-0.4)+(0.4/10)] ≈ 1.56 ;
仅为个人理解,如有不足,请指教。 https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_35811044