核心!Machine Learning和 Deep Learning的深入解读

先分析下什么是机器学习和深度学习:

机器学习:

通过算法实现人工智能,计算机识别数据模式并根据数据模式采取行动,计算机学习久了准确性也就高了,但不需要明确的编程。机器学习本质是预测编码、聚类和视觉热图等分析方法。比如平时手机软件里的一些自动推荐功能就是机器学习的很好例子

 

深度学习:

深度学习又叫人工神经网路,深度学习模仿人类大脑感知与组织的方式,根据数据输入做出决策。

 

机器学习详解:

机器学习通过算法分析数据,从结果中进行学习,然后将 学习后的算法 用来做决策或进行预测,

例子:聚类、贝叶斯网络、视觉数据映射

 

机器学习又分为 有监督学习无监督学习

有监督学习和无监督学习的差别就是依不依赖人

有监督学习就是依赖人为生成的数据种子集,这些数据种子集调教程序让它如何看待数据。

无监督学习就是计算机自己观察数据中的模式,将他们和其他数据比较或进行搜索查询,  随着数据集的增长、更多模式的浮现,机器学习算法不断自我优化

 

深度学习详解:

深度学习不像数据分类那样根据任务选择算法,而是模仿人类大脑结构与运算过程:

识别非结构化输入的数据,输出精确地行为和决策

 

深度学习可以是有监督的也可以是无监督的,这意味着神经网络可以接受标签化输入,但其实并不需要。

当神经网络处理输入时,神经网络通过输入数据和输出数据创造层可以从原始数据中自动抽取特征而无需人工贴标签

神经网络由大量被称为神经元的简单处理器构成,处理器用数学公式人类大脑中的神经元,这些人造神经元就是神经网络最基础的部件。

简而言之,每一个神经元接受两个或更多的输入,处理它们,然后输出一个结果。一些神经元从额外的传感器接收输入,然后其他神经元被其他已激活的神经元激活。神经元可能激活其它的神经元,或者通过触发的行动影响外部环境。所有的行为都是在「自动生成」的隐藏层中发生的,每个连续的图层都会输入前一层的输出。

在实际项目中,神经网络大量摄取非结构化数据——声音、文字、影像和图片。神经网络将数据分离为数据块,然后将它发送到独立的神经元和网络层中去处理。一旦这些离散的处理都完成了,神经网络就产生最后的输出,我们就大功告成了!

人工神经网络,或者说深度学习有什么优点?它的一大优点在于「可扩展性」。神经网络的性能取决于它可以吸收、训练和处理多少数据。所以,更多的数据意味着更好的结果——这是和「其它机器学习算法」的另一个区别,其它机器学习算法的效果通常稳定在一个明确的水平。深度学习仅通过资源衡量它的性能,层数更深,则输出更为广泛,性能也更为强劲。

所以,尽管深度学习不快也不容易,但是通过更低的价格能得到更好的计算能力这一点,还是让各大公司「买买买」。

机器学习和深度学习的流行应用场景

机器学习已经在市场上「无孔不入」了,而深度学习还处于「初级阶段」,商业化程度有限。

在某些应用案例中,二者可以说十分相似,区别在于神经网络可以增长到接近无限的学习和输出规模;机器学习更受约束,适合具体的实际计算任务。

注意啦,「机器学习」和「深度学习」并非相斥而是互补的关系。

 

机器学习和深度学习的未来

你不会走在大街上就碰见「深度学习」,它们需要大量的标记数据进行监督学习,或大量的非结构化数据进行无监督学习。因此,苦逼的技术人员需要花费大量的时间标记和向神经网络输入数据,或者需要输入数以百万计的非结构化对象来实现无监督学习。

在现代这个IT社会,缺乏数据不再是问题——挑战是标记足够的数据,或者将足够的未标记数据导入神经网络。尽管处理能力不断增加,价格也有所下降,但密集计算仍然需要对系统和支持进行大量的投资。

尽管如此,深度学习在许多不同的业务垂直领域都有很好的案例。像谷歌和Facebook这样的深度学习大佬正在使用深度学习开发炫酷的应用程序,而其他的开发者们则在「跟着大佬走」。

不管怎样,机器学习和深度学习是时代的大势所趋。就像整个世界因为互联网而变成了另一种样子,机器学习也会重塑这个世界。在这个过程中,越来越多的人会认识到机器学习的价值,机器学习也会变得越来越容易上手。说不定有一天,小学生也要开始学习机器学习了。

 

参考:https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/news/169255

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