[c++] 深拷贝和浅拷贝，拷贝构造、赋值运算符

1 拷贝构造和赋值运算符

1.1 拷贝构造

拷贝构造在如下场景会被调用：

（1）函数调用时，函数参数是对象的值传递

（2）声明对象同时初始化的时候(而不是声明和初始化分开，因为声明的时候就创建了对象)

（3）函数返回的时候，返回对象的值。

第 3 种情况，默认情况下有返回值优化，不会调用拷贝构造函数。

通过编译参数 -fno-elide-constructors 可以禁用返回值优化。

注：

拷贝构造函数的形参必须是引用传递，如果是值传递的话，那么在传递过程中也会调用拷贝构造函数，这样就造成递归调用。

如果是值传递，会有编译错误。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Test {
public:
  Test(int x) {
    a_ = x;
    std::cout << "Test(), this = " << this << std::endl;
  };

  Test(Test &test) {
    std::cout << "Test() copy constructor, this = " << this << ", &test = " << &test << std::endl;
  }

  ~Test() {
    std::cout << "~Test(), this = " << this << std::endl;
  }

  int a_;
};

void func1(Test test) {
  std::cout << "func1, &test = " << &test << std::endl;
}

Test func2() {
  Test t(2);
  std::cout << "func2, &t = " << &t << std::endl;
  return t;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "before t1" << std::endl;
  Test t1(1);
  std::cout << "&t1 = " << &t1 << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before func1" << std::endl;
  // 函数调用，传参是对象的值传递，拷贝构造
  func1(t1);
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before t2" << std::endl;
  // 声明对象的时候使用另一个对象初始化，拷贝构造
  Test t2 = t1;
  std::cout << "&t1 = " << &t1 << ", &t2 = " << &t2 << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before func2" << std::endl;
  // 函数返回值是返回对象的值，拷贝构造
  Test t4 = func2();
  std::cout << "&t4 = " << &t4 << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before return" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

编译命令：

g++ copy1.cpp -fno-elide-constructors

运行结果：

1.2 赋值运算符

赋值运算符，也是通过 = 赋值的时候调用。前提是 = 左边的对象已经构建了。

赋值运算符返回的是当前对象的引用，因为赋值运算符并没有创建新的对象，所以 = 左边的对象仍然指向原来的位置。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Test {
public:
  Test(int x) {
    a_ = x;
    std::cout << "Test(), this = " << this << std::endl;
  };

  Test(Test &test) {
    std::cout << "Test() copy constructor, this = " << this << ", &test = " << &test << std::endl;
  }

  Test& operator=(const Test &test) {
    std::cout << "Test() operator=, this = " << this << ", &test = " << &test << std::endl;
    return *this;
  }

  int a_;
};

void func1(Test test) {
  std::cout << "func1" << std::endl;
}

Test func2() {
  Test t(2);
  std::cout << "func2" << std::endl;
  return t;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "before t1" << std::endl;
  Test t1(1);
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before t2" << std::endl;
  Test t2(10);
  std::cout << "before t2 = t1" << std::endl;
  // 赋值运算符
  t2 = t1;
  std::cout << "&t2 = " << &t2 << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before func2" << std::endl;
  Test t3(3);
  // 赋值运算符
  // 默认情况下开启了返回值优化
  // 在 func2 中构造的对象会直接通过赋值运算符赋值给 t3
  // 如果禁用返回值优化，那么下边这句代码调用了拷贝构造函数，也调用了赋值运算符
  t3 = func2();
  std::cout << "&t3 = " << &t3 << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before return" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

1.3 拷贝构造和赋值运算符的区别

是否有新对象产生，有新对象产生则是拷贝构造，否则是赋值运算符。

Test t1(10); Test t2(20); t1 = t2;	赋值运算符，t1 已经存在了，已经构造过了，只不过重新赋值。 没有产生新对象，所以调用的是赋值运算符。
Test t1(10); Test t2 = t1;	拷贝构造，t2 之前还没有存在，在执行 Test t2 = t1 的时候才构造出来一个新的。 产生了新的对象，所以调用了拷贝构造。

2 深拷贝和浅拷贝

浅拷贝和深拷贝在有指针成员的时候需要注意。

如果拷贝的时候只把指针进行了拷贝，两个对象内的指针指向同一个内存块，这就是浅拷贝，浅拷贝，两个对象会相互影响。如果拷贝的时候，重新申请了内存，然后把指针指向的数据进行了拷贝，那就是深度拷贝。

直观理解的话，实际开发中，绝大多数情况下都应该使用深拷贝，避免使用浅拷贝，因为浅拷贝使用不当很容易导致问题。

2.1 浅拷贝

如下代码， Test 类中有一个指针 int *pi_，可以认为是一个 int 数组。在构造函数中如果没有指定数组长度那就申请 8 个长度，如果指定了，那申请指定的长度。

类中没有自己写拷贝构造函数，也没有自己实现赋值运算符，当自己没有指定的时候，编译器会自动生成拷贝构造函数和赋值构运算符。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Test {
public:
  Test(unsigned int length = 0) {
    std::cout << "Test(), this = " << this << ", pi_ = " << pi_ << std::endl;
    if (length == 0) {
      pi_ = (int *)malloc(8 * sizeof(int));
      length_ = 8;
    } else {
      pi_ = (int *)malloc(length * sizeof(int));
      length_ = length;
    }
    std::cout << "pi_ = " << pi_ << std::endl;
  };
/*
  Test(Test &test) {
    std::cout << "Test() copy constructor, this = " << this << ", &test = " << &test << std::endl;
    std::cout << "pi_ = " << pi_ << ", test length = " << test.length_ << std::endl;
    pi_ = (int *)malloc(test.length_ * sizeof(int));
    length_ = test.length_;
    std::cout << "after copy, pi_ = " << pi_ << ", test length = " << test.length_ << std::endl;
  }

  ~Test() {
    std::cout << "~Test(), this = " << this << ", pi_ = " << pi_ << ", length_ = " << length_ << std::endl;
    if (pi_) {
      free(pi_);
    }
  }
*/
  int *pi_ = nullptr;
  unsigned int length_ = 0;
};

void func1(Test test) {
  std::cout << "func1, &test = " << &test << std::endl;
}

Test func2() {
  Test t(2);
  std::cout << "func2, &t = " << &t << std::endl;
  return t;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "before t1" << std::endl;
  Test t1(1);
  *t1.pi_ = 100;
  std::cout << "&t1 = " << &t1 << ", t1 data p = " << t1.pi_ << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  Test t2 = t1;
  std::cout << "t2 data p = " << t2.pi_ << std::endl;

  Test t3(1);
  *t3.pi_ = 200;
  std::cout << "before assign, t3 data p = " << t3.pi_ << ", data = " << *t3.pi_ << ", t1 data = " << *t1.pi_ << std::endl;
  t3 = t1;
  std::cout << "after assign, t3 data p = " << t3.pi_ << ", data = " << *t3.pi_ << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before return" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

代码编译之后，运行结果如下。

（1）拷贝构造

t2 是使用拷贝构造构造出来的对象，打印了 t2 中 pi_，可以看到 t2 中的 pi_ 和 t1 中的 pi_ 是相同的。也就是说默认情况下的拷贝构造是浅拷贝。

（2）赋值运算符

t3 被 t1 赋值前后，打印 t3 的 pi_，赋值前后， t3 中的 pi_ 是不相同的，赋值之后 t3 中的 pi_ 与 t1 中的 pi_ 是相同的。所以赋值运算符也是只把指针进行了赋值，没有对内存中的值进行赋值。

2.2 深拷贝

如下代码，自己实现了拷贝构造函数和赋值运算符，申请了空间，并把内存区域中的数据进行了复制。

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Test {
public:
  Test(unsigned int length = 0) {
    std::cout << "Test(), this = " << this << ", pi_ = " << pi_ << std::endl;
    if (length == 0) {
      pi_ = (int *)malloc(8 * sizeof(int));
      length_ = 8;
    } else {
      pi_ = (int *)malloc(length * sizeof(int));
      length_ = length;
    }
    std::cout << "pi_ = " << pi_ << std::endl;
  };

  Test(Test &test) {
    std::cout << "Test() copy constructor, this = " << this << ", &test = " << &test << std::endl;
    std::cout << "pi_ = " << pi_ << ", test length = " << test.length_ << std::endl;
    pi_ = (int *)malloc(test.length_ * sizeof(int));
    length_ = test.length_;
    memcpy(pi_, test.pi_, test.length_ * sizeof(int));
    std::cout << "after copy, pi_ = " << pi_ << ", test length = " << test.length_ << std::endl;
  }


  Test& operator=(const Test &test) {
    std::cout << "Test() operator=, this = " << this << ", &test = " << &test << std::endl;
    if (pi_) {
      free(pi_);
    }
    pi_ = (int *)malloc(test.length_ * sizeof(int));
    if (pi_) {
      length_ = test.length_;
      memcpy(pi_, test.pi_, test.length_ * sizeof(int));
    }
    return *this;
  }

  ~Test() {
    std::cout << "~Test(), this = " << this << ", pi_ = " << pi_ << ", length_ = " << length_ << std::endl;
    if (pi_) {
      free(pi_);
    }
  }

  int *pi_ = nullptr;
  unsigned int length_ = 0;
};

void func1(Test test) {
  std::cout << "func1, &test = " << &test << std::endl;
}

Test func2() {
  Test t(2);
  std::cout << "func2, &t = " << &t << std::endl;
  return t;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "before t1" << std::endl;
  Test t1(1);
  *t1.pi_ = 100;
  std::cout << "&t1 = " << &t1 << ", t1 data p = " << t1.pi_ << ", data = " << *t1.pi_ << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  Test t2 = t1;
  std::cout << "t2 data p = " << t2.pi_ << ", data = " << *t2.pi_ << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

  Test t3(1);
  *t3.pi_ = 200;
  std::cout << "before assign, t3 data p = " << t3.pi_ << ", data = " << *t3.pi_ << ", t1 data = " << *t1.pi_ << std::endl;
  t3 = t1;
  std::cout << "after assign, t3 data p = " << t3.pi_ << ", data = " << *t3.pi_ << std::endl;

  std::cout << "before return" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

t2 是调用拷贝构造函数，通过 t1 拷贝构造而来。可以看到拷贝构造之后，t2 中成员指向的内存和 t1 是不同的，内存中的值是相同的，所以是深度拷贝。

t3 被 t1 通过赋值运算符赋值，赋值之后，t3 指针指向的内存的值 与 t1 保持一致，所以是深度赋值。

2.3 派生类拷贝构造调用父类拷贝构造

#include <iostream>

class Base {
public:
  Base() : i(0) {
    std::cout << "Base()" << std::endl;
  }

  Base(int n) : i(n) {
    std::cout << "Base(int), i = " << i << std::endl;
  }

  Base(Base &b) : i(b.i) {
    std::cout << "Base(Base &), i = " << i << std::endl;
  }

private:
  int i;
};

class Derived : public Base {
public:
  Derived() : Base(0), j(0) {
    std::cout << "Derived()" << std::endl;
  }

  Derived(int m, int n) : Base(m), j(n) {
    std::cout << "Derived(int)" << std::endl;
  }

  Derived(Derived &d) : Base(d), j(d.j) {
    std::cout << "Derived(Derived &)" << std::endl;
  }

private:
  int j;
};

int main() {
  Base b(1);
  Derived d(2, 3);

  std::cout << "----------------" << std::endl;
  Derived d1(d);
  std::cout << "----------------" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}