四、TRAINING A CLASSIFIER

This is it. You have seen how to define neural networks, compute loss and make updates to the weights of the network.

Now you might be thinking,

1、What about data?

Generally, when you have to deal with image, text, audio or video data, you can use standard python packages that load data into a numpy array. Then you can convert this array into a torch.*Tensor.

• For images, packages such as Pillow, OpenCV are useful
• For audio, packages such as scipy and librosa
• For text, either raw Python or Cython based loading, or NLTK and SpaCy are useful

1、Loading and normalizing CIFAR10

Using torchvision, it’s extremely easy to load CIFAR10.

import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms

The output of torchvision datasets are PILImage images of range [0, 1]. We transform them to Tensors of normalized range [-1, 1]. … note:

---

If running on Windows and you get a BrokenPipeError, try setting
the num_worker of torch.utils.data.DataLoader() to 0.

---

transform = transforms.Compose(
    [transforms.ToTensor(),
     transforms.Normalize((0.5, 0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5))])

trainset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True,
                                        download=True, transform=transform)
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4,
                                          shuffle=True, num_workers=2)

testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False,
                                       download=True, transform=transform)
testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4,
                                         shuffle=False, num_workers=2)

classes = ('plane', 'car', 'bird', 'cat',
           'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck')

Let us show some of the training images, for fun.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# functions to show an image


def imshow(img):
    img = img / 2 + 0.5     # unnormalize
    npimg = img.numpy()
    plt.imshow(np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0)))
    plt.show()


# get some random training images
dataiter = iter(trainloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()

# show images
imshow(torchvision.utils.make_grid(images))
# print labels
print(' '.join('%5s' % classes[labels[j]] for j in range(4)))

3、Define a Convolutional Neural Network

Copy the neural network from the Neural Networks section before and modify it to take 3-channel images (instead of 1-channel images as it was defined).

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5)
        self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
        x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
        x = x.view(-1, 16 * 5 * 5)
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x


net = Net()

3、Define a Loss function and optimizer

Let’s use a Classification Cross-Entropy loss and SGD with momentum.

import torch.optim as optim

criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)

4、Train the network

This is when things start to get interesting. We simply have to loop over our data iterator, and feed the inputs to the network and optimize.

for epoch in range(2):  # loop over the dataset multiple times

    running_loss = 0.0
    for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
        # get the inputs; data is a list of [inputs, labels]
        inputs, labels = data

        # zero the parameter gradients
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        # forward + backward + optimize
        outputs = net(inputs)
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

        # print statistics
        running_loss += loss.item()
        if i % 2000 == 1999:    # print every 2000 mini-batches
            print('[%d, %5d] loss: %.3f' %
                  (epoch + 1, i + 1, running_loss / 2000))
            running_loss = 0.0

print('Finished Training')

Let’s quickly save our trained model:

PATH = './cifar_net.pth'
torch.save(net.state_dict(), PATH)

See here for more details on saving PyTorch models.

5、Test the network on the test data

• We have trained the network for 2 passes over the training dataset. But we need to check if the network has learnt anything at all.

• We will check this by predicting the class label that the neural network outputs, and checking it against the ground-truth. If the prediction is correct, we add the sample to the list of correct predictions.

• Okay, first step. Let us display an image from the test set to get familiar.

dataiter = iter(testloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()

# print images
imshow(torchvision.utils.make_grid(images))
print('GroundTruth: ', ' '.join('%5s' % classes[labels[j]] for j in range(4)))

Next, let’s load back in our saved model (note: saving and re-loading the model wasn’t necessary here, we only did it to illustrate how to do so):

net = Net()
net.load_state_dict(torch.load(PATH))

Okay, now let us see what the neural network thinks these examples above are:

outputs = net(images)

The outputs are energies for the 10 classes. The higher the energy for a class, the more the network thinks that the image is of the particular class. So, let’s get the index of the highest energy:

_, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)

print('Predicted: ', ' '.join('%5s' % classes[predicted[j]]
                              for j in range(4)))

Let us look at how the network performs on the whole dataset.

correct = 0
total = 0
with torch.no_grad():
    for data in testloader:
        images, labels = data
        outputs = net(images)
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)
        total += labels.size(0)
        correct += (predicted == labels).sum().item()

print('Accuracy of the network on the 10000 test images: %d %%' % (
    100 * correct / total))

• That looks way better than chance, which is 10% accuracy (randomly picking a class out of 10 classes). Seems like the network learnt something.

• Hmmm, what are the classes that performed well, and the classes that did not perform well:

class_correct = list(0. for i in range(10))
class_total = list(0. for i in range(10))
with torch.no_grad():
    for data in testloader:
        images, labels = data
        outputs = net(images)
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)
        c = (predicted == labels).squeeze()
        for i in range(4):
            label = labels[i]
            class_correct[label] += c[i].item()
            class_total[label] += 1


for i in range(10):
    print('Accuracy of %5s : %2d %%' % (
        classes[i], 100 * class_correct[i] / class_total[i]))

2、Training on GPU

• Just like how you transfer a Tensor onto the GPU, you transfer the neural net onto the GPU.

• Let’s first define our device as the first visible cuda device if we have CUDA available:

device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")

# Assuming that we are on a CUDA machine, this should print a CUDA device:

print(device)

• The rest of this section assumes that device is a CUDA device.

• Then these methods will recursively go over all modules and convert their parameters and buffers to CUDA tensors:

net.to(device)

Remember that you will have to send the inputs and targets at every step to the GPU too:

inputs, labels = data[0].to(device), data[1].to(device)