numpy把一维数组当做向量,二维数组当做矩阵
1.启动jupyter notebook
2.创建一个新的notebook,并导入numpy模块
3.定义一个数组
#1.定义一个数组a
a = np.array([0,1,2])
a
#结果:array([0, 1, 2])
#2.将a乘以2
a*2
#结果:array([0, 2, 4])
#3.定义一个列表a
a = [0,1,2]
#4.将一个列表乘以2
a*2
#结果:[0, 2, 4, 0, 2, 4]
运行效果如下:
4.导入Python中的array
import array
array.array('i',[0,2,4]) * 2
#结果:array('i', [0, 2, 4, 0, 2, 4])
运行效果如下:
5.Python中的列表
#1.使用列表推导式对列表做乘法
a = [0, 2, 4]
[i*2 for i in a]
#结果:[0, 4, 8]
#2.使用for循环对列表做乘法
res = []
for i in a:
res.append(i * 2)
res
#结果:[0, 4, 8]
运行效果如下:
6.分别测试他们的性能
#1.定义一个数据范围data
data = range(10**6)
data
#结果:range(0, 1000000)
#2.测试for循环生成列表的时间
%%time
res = []
for i in data:
res.append(i * 2)
#结果:Wall time: 429 ms
#3.测试列表推导式的时间
%time res = [i*2 for i in data]
#结果:Wall time: 257 ms
#4.测试np.array的时间
arr = np.array(data)
%time res = arr * 2
#结果:Wall time: 34 ms
运行效果图如下:
7.向量的加减乘除
#1.定义一个一维数组(向量)a
a = np.array([0,2,4])
a
#结果:array([0, 2, 4])
#2.加法
a+2
#结果:array([2, 4, 6])
#3.减法
a-2
#结果:array([-2, 0, 2])
#4.乘法
a*2
#结果:array([0, 4, 8])
#4.除法
a/2
#结果:array([0., 1., 2.])
运行效果如下:
8.矩阵的运算
#1.定义一个矩阵
X = np.arange(1,16).reshape(3,5)
X.shape
#结果:(3, 5)
X
#结果:rray([[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
# [ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
# [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]])
#2.加法
X+1
#结果:array([[ 1, 0, 1, 2, 3],
# [ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
# [ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]])
#3.绝对值
np.abs(X - 2)
#结果:array([[ 1, 0, 1, 2, 3],
# [ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
# [ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]])
#4.正弦
np.sin(X)
#结果:array([[ 0.84147098, 0.90929743, 0.14112001, -0.7568025 , -0.95892427],
# [-0.2794155 , 0.6569866 , 0.98935825, 0.41211849, -0.54402111],
# [-0.99999021, -0.53657292, 0.42016704, 0.99060736, 0.65028784]])
#5.余弦
np.cos(X)
#结果:array([[ 0.54030231, -0.41614684, -0.9899925 , -0.65364362, 0.28366219],
# [ 0.96017029, 0.75390225, -0.14550003, -0.91113026, -0.83907153],
# [ 0.0044257 , 0.84385396, 0.90744678, 0.13673722, -0.75968791]])
#6.正切
np.tan(X)
#结果:array([[ 1.55740772e+00, -2.18503986e+00, -1.42546543e-01,
# 1.15782128e+00, -3.38051501e+00],
# [-2.91006191e-01, 8.71447983e-01, -6.79971146e+00,
# -4.52315659e-01, 6.48360827e-01],
# [-2.25950846e+02, -6.35859929e-01, 4.63021133e-01,
# 7.24460662e+00, -8.55993401e-01]])
#7.e的X次方
np.exp(X)
#结果:array([[2.71828183e+00, 7.38905610e+00, 2.00855369e+01, 5.45981500e+01,
# 1.48413159e+02],
# [4.03428793e+02, 1.09663316e+03, 2.98095799e+03, 8.10308393e+03,
# 2.20264658e+04],
# [5.98741417e+04, 1.62754791e+05, 4.42413392e+05, 1.20260428e+06,
# 3.26901737e+06]])
#导入e,验证上面的值
from math import e
e**2
#结果:7.3890560989306495
#8.以3为底,取X次方
np.power(3,X)
#结果:array([[ 3, 9, 27, 81, 243],
# [ 729, 2187, 6561, 19683, 59049],
# [ 177147, 531441, 1594323, 4782969, 14348907]], dtype=int32)
3 ** X
#结果:同上
#9.以e为底,求X的对数
np.log(X)
#结果:array([[0. , 0.69314718, 1.09861229, 1.38629436, 1.60943791],
# [1.79175947, 1.94591015, 2.07944154, 2.19722458, 2.30258509],
# [2.39789527, 2.48490665, 2.56494936, 2.63905733, 2.7080502 ]])
e ** 0.69314718
#结果:1.9999999988801092
#10.以2为底,求X的对数
np.log2(X)
#结果:array([[0. , 1. , 1.5849625 , 2. , 2.32192809],
# [2.5849625 , 2.80735492, 3. , 3.169925 , 3.32192809],
# [3.45943162, 3.5849625 , 3.70043972, 3.80735492, 3.9068906 ]])
#11.以10为底,求X的对数
np.log10(X)
#结果:array([[0. , 0.30103 , 0.47712125, 0.60205999, 0.69897 ],
# [0.77815125, 0.84509804, 0.90308999, 0.95424251, 1. ],
# [1.04139269, 1.07918125, 1.11394335, 1.14612804, 1.17609126]])
运效果图如下:
9.矩阵和矩阵之间的运算
#1.定义两个矩阵A和B
A = np.arange(4).reshape(2,-1)
A
#结果:array([[0, 1],
# [2, 3]])
B = np.full((2,2),10)
B
#结果:array([[10, 10],
# [10, 10]])
#2.加法
A+B
#结果:array([[10, 11],
# [12, 13]])
#3.减法
A-B
#结果:array([[-10, -9],
# [ -8, -7]])
#4.乘法
A*B
#结果:array([[ 0, 10],
# [20, 30]])
#5.除法
A/B
#结果:array([[0. , 0.1],
# [0.2, 0.3]])
运行效果图如下:
10.矩阵的乘积
#1.定义矩阵A和矩阵B
A
#结果:array([[0, 1],
# [2, 3]])
B = np.array([10,20,30,40]).reshape(2,-1)
B
#结果:array([[10, 20],
# [30, 40]])
#2.求矩阵的乘积
A.dot(B)
#结果:array([[ 30, 40],
# [110, 160]])
运行效果图如下:
11.矩阵的逆
#1.输出A矩阵
A
#结果:array([[0, 1],
# [2, 3]])
#2.求A矩阵的逆矩阵
invA = np.linalg.inv(A)
invA
#结果:array([[-1.5, 0.5],
# [ 1. , 0. ]])
#3.原矩阵乘以逆矩阵,得到单位矩阵
A.dot(invA)
#结果:array([[1., 0.],
# [0., 1.]])
#4.逆矩阵乘以原矩阵,得到单位矩阵
invA.dot(A)
#结果:array([[1., 0.],
# [0., 1.]])
#5.定义一个非方阵A
A = np.arange(6).reshape(2,-1)
A
#结果:array([[0, 1, 2],
# [3, 4, 5]])
#6.求非方阵A的逆矩阵,报错
np.linalg.inv(A)
#结果:raise LinAlgError('Last 2 dimensions of the array must be square')
#7.求矩阵A的伪逆矩阵
pinvA = np.linalg.pinv(A)
pinvA
#结果:array([[-0.77777778, 0.27777778],
# [-0.11111111, 0.11111111],
# [ 0.55555556, -0.05555556]])
#8.原矩阵乘以伪逆矩阵
A.dot(pinvA)
#结果:array([[ 1.00000000e+00, -1.38777878e-16],
# [ 3.10862447e-15, 1.00000000e+00]])
运行效果图如下:
12.矩阵的转置
#1.重新输出矩阵A
A
#结果:array([[0, 1, 2],
# [3, 4, 5]])
#2.矩阵的转置
A.T
#结果:array([[0, 3],
# [1, 4],
# [2, 5]])
运行效果图如下: