python的lambda函数描述错误的是_在python中定义lambda函数时出现ValueError

I am receiving a ValueError when using integration, but I cannot understand why. Here is my simplified code:

import numpy as np

import scipy.integrate as integrate

pbar = 1

p = np.arange(0,pbar,pbar/1000)

h = lambda p: p**2/2+p*(1-p)

Kl = lambda p: h(p) +0.02

K = Kl(p)

R = 0.5*h(p) + 0.5*h(pbar)

Vl = lambda p: np.minimum.reduce([p, K, R])

integrate.quad(Vl, 0, pbar)[0]

Vl is the element-wise minimum of the three arrays. The last line gives the exception:

ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

Can someone please explain the error and propose an alternative way of doing this integration?

解决方案

You have a bunch of 1000 element arrays:

In [8]: p.shape

Out[8]: (1000,)

In [9]: K.shape

Out[9]: (1000,)

In [10]: R.shape

Out[10]: (1000,)

In [11]: np.minimum.reduce([p, K, R]).shape

Out[11]: (1000,)

In [12]: Vl(p).shape

Out[12]: (1000,)

In [8]: p.shape

Out[8]: (1000,)

In [9]: K.shape

Out[9]: (1000,)

In [10]: R.shape

Out[10]: (1000,)

In [11]: np.minimum.reduce([p, K, R]).shape

Out[11]: (1000,)

In [12]: Vl(p).shape

Out[12]: (1000,)

But integrate.quad is calling Vl with a scalar, an integration variable rangine from 0 to pbar. The nature of the integration is to evaluate Vl at a bunch of points, and sum the values appropriately.

Vl(0) produces this error because it is

In [15]: np.minimum.reduce([0, K, R])

ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

So you need to change Vl to work with a scalar p, or perform your sum directly on the array.

Writing

Vl = lambda x: np.minimum.reduce([x, K, R])

might have clued you into the difference. Vl does not work with x different from the global p. K and R are globals, x is local to the lambda.