动词ing基本用法_英文写作常见错误学习笔记 | 动词与时态1

 

写在前面的话

在知乎中看到“英文学术论文写作，有什么好书可以推荐”话题中有人推荐了香港大学出版社 Steve Hart 写的《 English Exposed 》一书，从副标题“ Common Mistakes Made by Chinese Speakers ”可以看出书是针对中国人常犯的错误而写的，作者修改过大量论文后把常见的错误总结成一本小书。 https://www.zhihu.com/question/35071142 自己从阅读中也学到不少，想想给同事润色过不少论文都有点后怕。俗话说：好记性不如好笔头，现在的笔头都是各种笔记软件或电子版记录了。在边读边学习的过程中，翻译并摘录要点，作为学习的记录，也陆续分享一下。 如有侵权，请告知删除。 特别需要说的是：如果语法扎实的话，里面大多数错误是可以避免的。另外，语言是灵活的，英语语法或用法有的也存在分歧，如果碰到问题，建议多方查询。最后，在 word 文档里编辑好后，写作插件转换的格式字体和大小都比较乱，一一修改工作量实在大，就偷懒了。 

动词与时态使用方面的常见错误 1

动词 to be 是不规则动词，其构成是独一无二的。它的使用在英语中是如此普遍因此熟悉其各种形式是非常重要的。 to be 的含义有 ： 1. 表示存在； 2. 表示发生； 3. 具有某种状态或 功能 。 现在分词形式： being ，过去分词形式： been 。

一般过去时	过去完成时	过去进行时
I wasit/she/he waswe/they were	I had beenit/she/he had beenwe/they had been	I was beingit/she/he was beingwe/they were being
一般现在时	现在完成时	现在进行时
I amit/she/he iswe/they are	I have beenit/she/he has beenwe/they have been	I am beingit/she/he is beingwe/they are being
一般将来时	将来完成时	将来进行时
I will beit/she/he will bewe/they will be	I will have beenit/she/he will have beenwe/they will have been	I will be beingit/she/he will be beingwe/they will be being

  5.1 多余插入to be或省略的错误 与动词 to be 相关的最常见的错误之一 为 没有必要插入一般现在时的形式 is 或 are。 This is depends on a number of factors, and these have been categorized in Figure 6. ✘ This depends on a number of factors, and these have been categorized in Figure 6. ✔ These books are recorded all the incidents that took place in the first term. ✘ These books recorded all the incidents that took place in the first term. ✔ 最后一个例子中可以使用 are 构成进行时态： These books are recording all the incidents that take place in the first term. 动词 to be 可以与介词连用和用在被动语态中。构成被动语态时忽略动词是常犯的错误。 在下面几个例子中，写作者忽视了这一点。 Over 5,000 participants involved in the survey. ✘ Over 5,000 participants were involved in the survey. ✔ The experiment carried out by researchers at the local college. ✘ The experiment was carried out by researchers at the local college. ✔   5.2 什么时候使用being和使用been being 是动词 to be 的现在分词形式，用在现在进行时中，表示进行中的动作。 We will now look at how they are been affected. ✘ We will now look at how they are being affected. ✔ been 是动词 to be 的过去分词形式，总是用在动词 to have 的后面。 I have been busy choosing a methodology for my research. 写作者 常常这两者被混淆。 These models have being used before in similar studies. ✘ These models have been used before in similar studies. ✔ 介词后面搭配的形式是 being ，如下面含有介词 with 的例子所示： There may be some people who agree to be interviewed but are not happy with been audio recorded. ✘ There may be some people who agree to be interviewed but are not happy with being audio recorded. ✔ 知道 动词 to be 的各种形式何时使用常常是困难的，但是知道介词后的使用规则是很有用的。另外一个比较清晰的场景是写到某特定时刻时。 has been 用来指过去发生的某件事，其确切时间并不重要，它与今天正在持续的某件事有 关系。 was 和 has been 之间有交叠，当 在 某个特定时刻使用时常导致错误。过去某个日期通常意味着现在完成时 has been 是不能使用的。 In 2009 a new system has been created to make the task easier. ✘ In 2009 a new system was created to make the task easier. ✔ 这一情况的特例是一个特定日期与 since 使用表明事件今天仍在持续以及当前年份提到的时候。 The chief executive of the company (who since 2009 was Dr Leung) was also unavailable for comment. ✘ The chief executive of the company (who since 2009 has been Dr Leung) was also unavailable for comment. ✔ Fortunately, 2016 has been different because of the introduction of more stringent safety standards. 在下面的例子中，写作者没有正确构建现在完成时。 Many results have obtained for this particular subgroup. ✘ Many results have been obtained for this particular subgroup. ✔ Several systems have successfully used to extract the data. ✘ Several systems have been successfully used to extract the data. ✔ ★ 相关错误。 一般现在时形式 is 和 as 容易混淆。这一错误出现在一些定义、描述或看作的短语中，如下面的例子所示： They define a pilot study is an initial test of the ideas and . . . ✘ They define a pilot study as an initial test of the ideas and . . . ✔ They view this is a setback in the relations between the two countries. ✘ They view this as a setback in the relations between the two countries. ✔   5.3 非谓语动词的功能和接动词的ing形式的动词   非谓语动词对英语写作者是一个挑战，因为尽管它们从动词变化而来，但是它们在句子中作名词、形容词或副词。 可以分为三类。 动名词 是以 ing 形式结尾的动词形式，作用类似名词。 Comparing the three systems allowed us to select the best one for this region. 不定式 是通常前面带有 to 的动词形式，作用类似名词、形容词或副词。 Barnes (2001) collected them to investigate why this happens so frequently. 分词 是通常以 ing 或 ed 结尾的动词形式，作用类似形容词。 This is vital in a developing industry. A completed study has yet to be achieved by this group. 这些标签容易掌握，写作者在实际中常常面临的困境是选择动词的 ing 形式还是 to +动词的形式，特别是在句子中已经有了一个主要动词而写作者要决定其后的动词形式。 I anticipate to find/I anticipate finding further errors in the data. 答案是有些主动词后跟动词的 ing 形式，有的跟 to +动词的形式；这都需要来记；比如， anticipate 后面一直跟动词的 ing 形式。 I anticipate finding further errors in the data. 同样， admit 后面也跟动词的 ing 形式。 They admit taking a risk with this proposal. ★ 相关错误。 下面的 例子 都是做了错误的选择，这些动词都需要跟动词的 ing 形式。 They also discussed to put the project back one month. ✘ They also discussed putting the project back one month. ✔ The paper recommended to invest in this market. ✘ The paper recommended investing in this market. ✔ My supervisor suggested to find a better logo. ✘ My supervisor suggested finding a better logo. ✔ 如下动词后面都是跟 动词的 ing 形式： advise deny miss resist appreciate dislike postpone risk avoid enjoy practice stop consider finish recall tolerate delay keep resent understand 跟原因相关的动词，即某人或某物导致某事发生，如果有宾语(名词或代词)时可以接 to +动词的形式。 advise 就是这样的动词。 We advise moving this to section four. 或 We advise them to move this to section four. 5.4 接动词不定式(to+动词)的动词和需要使动者的动词 跟动词的 ing 形式类似，有些动词后面需要接 to +动词的形式。 下面的 例子 都是做了错误的选择，这些动词都需要跟动词的不定式形式。 They could not afford ignoring the advice. ✘ They could not afford to ignore the advice. ✔ It was surprising that they failed noticing what was happening around them ✘ It was surprising that they failed to notice what was happening around them. ✔ We plan working on this for the next few months. ✘ We plan to work on this for the next few months. ✔ 如下动词后面都是跟 to +动词的形式： agree claim hope off er seem appear decide intend prepare struggle arrange demand learn pretend threaten ask deserve manage promise wait attempt expect mean propose want care hesitate need refuse wish 有些动词接动词的不定式或 ing 形式，意思没有实质差别，这些动词包括： begin, continue, forget, like, prefer, regret, remember, start, try Fifty percent said they will continue to work hard. Fifty percent said they will continue working hard. The new officer must start to make decisions. The new officer must start making decisions. 有些动词两种形式都可以接，但是意思会有变化： One participant said that he always stopped to buy a coffee. (停下来去买) Many of the participants revealed that they had stopped buying coffee. (停止购买) 另外一种使用不定式的情况是用在作为形容词的分词后面。 They were relieved to see progress was finally being made. It was interesting to hear their views on these treatments. 需要注意动词前有 to 时就保留简单的(字典中的)形式。下面例子中的错误受到了时态的影响。 The company tried to changed their logo last year to reflect their new image. ✘ The company tried to change their logo last year to reflect their new image. ✔ They were always looking for opportunities to speaking the language outside of the classroom. ✘ They were always looking for opportunities to speak the language outside of the classroom. ✔ ★ 相关错误。 有时不定式前面不带 to 。 We should see the resources improve in the next few years. 这称为 “基础形式”或“ 不带 to 的不定式 ”， 除了与现在时和情态动词连用外，常常用在 与“看到”或“听到”相关 的动词(如 look，feel，hear，notice，watch，see，smell， observe )的宾语后面。 The pupils could watch their peers to compete and then learn from them. ✘ The pupils could watch their peers compete and then learn from them. ✔ 也用在主要动词为 have，make 和 let 的宾语后面。 My tutor made me read through the chapter again. ★ 动词的使动者。 句子的主要动词后面并不总是能直接跟另外一个动词形式。有些动词需要一个使动者(名词或代词)放在它和非谓语动词之间。 常引起麻烦的动词是 allow 。 This will allow to calculate the other values. ✘ 中间就需要一个使动者(名词或代词)。 This will allow us/them/the engineer to calculate the other values. ✔ 如果要避免使用代词，一个方法就是使用被动语态。 This will allow the other values to be calculated. 如果动词 allow 是用在动词 to be 后面的过去分词，那么 to + 动词的不定式可以直接用在 allow 后面。比较如下。 在下面这个例子中需要使动者(括号内)： We allowed ( the patients in groups 1 and 2 ) to apply this liberally. 在下面这个例子中 allow 后面可以接不定式： Patients in groups 1 and 2 were allowed to apply this liberally. ★ 相关错误 。 主动语态中通常需要使动者的动词包括： advise, convince, enable, encourage, instruct, permit The researcher will then instruct to apply the cream. ✘ The researcher will then instruct the patient to apply the cream. ✔ We can then convince to adopt these measures. ✘ We can then convince the staff to adopt these measures. ✔