本文详细介绍了神经网络中几个关键层的前向和反向传播实现，包括全连接层、ReLU激活函数、softmax损失函数以及批归一化和Dropout正则化。此外，还涵盖了两个不同结构的多层网络类，一个是两层全连接网络，另一个是具有任意隐藏层的全连接网络。这些实现涉及到权重初始化、损失计算、梯度计算和优化算法（如动量SGD）等关键概念。
1.完成layers.py中的affine_forward(x, w, b):
def affine_forward(x, w, b):
"""
Computes the forward pass for an affine (fully-connected) layer.
The input x has shape (N, d_1, ..., d_k) and contains a minibatch of N
examples, where each example x[i] has shape (d_1, ..., d_k). We will
reshape each input into a vector of dimension D = d_1 * ... * d_k, and
then transform it to an output vector of dimension M.
Inputs:
- x: A numpy array containing input data, of shape (N, d_1, ..., d_k)
- w: A numpy array of weights, of shape (D, M)
- b: A numpy array of biases, of shape (M,)
Returns a tuple of:
- out: output, of shape (N, M)
- cache: (x, w, b)
"""
out = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the affine forward pass. Store the result in out. You #
# will need to reshape the input into rows. #
###########################################################################
reshaped_x=np.reshape(x,(x.shape[0],-1))
out=np.dot(reshaped_x,w)+b
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
cache = (x, w, b)
return out, cache
2.完成layers.py中relu_forward
def relu_forward(x):
"""
Computes the forward pass for a layer of rectified linear units (ReLUs).
Input:
- x: Inputs, of any shape
Returns a tuple of:
- out: Output, of the same shape as x
- cache: x
"""
out = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the ReLU forward pass. #
###########################################################################
out=np.maximum(0,x)
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
cache = x
return out, cache
3.完成layers.py中的softmax_loss
def softmax_loss(x, y):
"""
Computes the loss and gradient for softmax classification.
Inputs:
- x: Input data, of shape (N, C) where x[i, j] is the score for the jth
class for the ith input.
- y: Vector of labels, of shape (N,) where y[i] is the label for x[i] and
0 <= y[i] < C
Returns a tuple of:
- loss: Scalar giving the loss
- dx: Gradient of the loss with respect to x
"""
shifted_logits = x - np.max(x, axis=1, keepdims=True)
Z = np.sum(np.exp(shifted_logits), axis=1, keepdims=True)
log_probs = shifted_logits - np.log(Z)
probs = np.exp(log_probs)
N = x.shape[0]
loss = -np.sum(log_probs[np.arange(N), y]) / N
dx = probs.copy()
dx[np.arange(N), y] -= 1
dx /= N
return loss, dx
4.完成layers.py中的affine_backward
def affine_backward(dout, cache):
"""
Computes the backward pass for an affine layer.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivative, of shape (N, M)
- cache: Tuple of:
- x: Input data, of shape (N, d_1, ... d_k)
- w: Weights, of shape (D, M)
- b: Biases, of shape (M,)
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to x, of shape (N, d1, ..., d_k)
- dw: Gradient with respect to w, of shape (D, M)
- db: Gradient with respect to b, of shape (M,)
"""
x, w, b = cache
dx, dw, db = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the affine backward pass. #
###########################################################################
reshaped_x=np.reshape(x,(x.shape[0],-1))
dx=np.reshape(dout.dot(w.T),x.shape)
dw=reshaped_x.T.dot(dout)
db=np.sum(dout,axis=0)
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dw, db
5.完成layers.py中的relu_backward
def relu_backward(dout, cache):
"""
Computes the backward pass for a layer of rectified linear units (ReLUs).
Input:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of any shape
- cache: Input x, of same shape as dout
Returns:
- dx: Gradient with respect to x
"""
dx, x = None, cache
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the ReLU backward pass. #
###########################################################################
dx=(x>0)*dout
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx
6.完成fc_net.py中的class TwoLayerNet
class TwoLayerNet(object):
"""
A two-layer fully-connected neural network with ReLU nonlinearity and
softmax loss that uses a modular layer design. We assume an input dimension
of D, a hidden dimension of H, and perform classification over C classes.
The architecure should be affine - relu - affine - softmax.
Note that this class does not implement gradient descent; instead, it
will interact with a separate Solver object that is responsible for running
optimization.
The learnable parameters of the model are stored in the dictionary
self.params that maps parameter names to numpy arrays.
"""
def __init__(self, input_dim=3*32*32, hidden_dim=100, num_classes=10,
weight_scale=1e-3, reg=0.0):
"""
Initialize a new network.
Inputs:
- input_dim: An integer giving the size of the input
- hidden_dim: An integer giving the size of the hidden layer
- num_classes: An integer giving the number of classes to classify
- weight_scale: Scalar giving the standard deviation for random
initialization of the weights.
- reg: Scalar giving L2 regularization strength.
"""
self.params = {}
self.reg = reg
############################################################################
# TODO: Initialize the weights and biases of the two-layer net. Weights #
# should be initialized from a Gaussian centered at 0.0 with #
# standard deviation equal to weight_scale, and biases should be #
# initialized to zero. All weights and biases should be stored in the #
# dictionary self.params, with first layer weights #
# and biases using the keys 'W1' and 'b1' and second layer #
# weights and biases using the keys 'W2' and 'b2'. #
############################################################################
self.params["W1"]=weight_scale*np.random.randn(input_dim,hidden_dim)
self.params["b1"]=np.zeros((1,hidden_dim))
self.params["W2"]=weight_scale*np.random.randn(hidden_dim,num_classes)
self.params["b2"]=np.zeros((1,num_classes))
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
def loss(self, X, y=None):
"""
Compute loss and gradient for a minibatch of data.
Inputs:
- X: Array of input data of shape (N, d_1, ..., d_k)
- y: Array of labels, of shape (N,). y[i] gives the label for X[i].
Returns:
If y is None, then run a test-time forward pass of the model and return:
- scores: Array of shape (N, C) giving classification scores, where
scores[i, c] is the classification score for X[i] and class c.
If y is not None, then run a training-time forward and backward pass and
return a tuple of:
- loss: Scalar value giving the loss
- grads: Dictionary with the same keys as self.params, mapping parameter
names to gradients of the loss with respect to those parameters.
"""
scores = None
############################################################################
# TODO: Implement the forward pass for the two-layer net, computing the #
# class scores for X and storing them in the scores variable. #
############################################################################
h1_out,h1_cache=affine_relu_forward(X,self.params["W1"],self.params["b1"])
scores,out_cache=affine_forward(h1_out,self.params["W2"],self.params["b2"])
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
# If y is None then we are in test mode so just return scores
if y is None:
return scores
loss, grads = 0, {}
############################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for the two-layer net. Store the loss #
# in the loss variable and gradients in the grads dictionary. Compute data #
# loss using softmax, and make sure that grads[k] holds the gradients for #
# self.params[k]. Don't forget to add L2 regularization! #
# #
# NOTE: To ensure that your implementation matches ours and you pass the #
# automated tests, make sure that your L2 regularization includes a factor #
# of 0.5 to simplify the expression for the gradient. #
############################################################################
loss,dout=softmax_loss(scores,y)
reg_loss=0.5*self.reg*np.sum(self.params["W1"]*self.params["W1"])+0.5*self.reg*np.sum(self.params["W2"]*self.params["W2"])
#print(loss)
loss+=reg_loss
dout,dw2,db2=affine_backward(dout,out_cache)
#print(dw2.shape==self.params["W2"].shape)
_,dw1,db1=affine_relu_backward(dout,h1_cache)
dw1+=self.reg*self.params["W1"]
dw2+=self.reg*self.params["W2"]
grads["W2"]=dw2
grads["b2"]=db2
grads["W1"]=dw1
grads["b1"]=db1
#print(grads)
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
return loss, grads
7.完成layers.py中的batchnorm_forward()
def batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param):
"""
Forward pass for batch normalization.
During training the sample mean and (uncorrected) sample variance are
computed from minibatch statistics and used to normalize the incoming data.
During training we also keep an exponentially decaying running mean of the
mean and variance of each feature, and these averages are used to normalize
data at test-time.
At each timestep we update the running averages for mean and variance using
an exponential decay based on the momentum parameter:
running_mean = momentum * running_mean + (1 - momentum) * sample_mean
running_var = momentum * running_var + (1 - momentum) * sample_var
Note that the batch normalization paper suggests a different test-time
behavior: they compute sample mean and variance for each feature using a
large number of training images rather than using a running average. For
this implementation we have chosen to use running averages instead since
they do not require an additional estimation step; the torch7
implementation of batch normalization also uses running averages.
Input:
- x: Data of shape (N, D)
- gamma: Scale parameter of shape (D,)
- beta: Shift paremeter of shape (D,)
- bn_param: Dictionary with the following keys:
- mode: 'train' or 'test'; required
- eps: Constant for numeric stability
- momentum: Constant for running mean / variance.
- running_mean: Array of shape (D,) giving running mean of features
- running_var Array of shape (D,) giving running variance of features
Returns a tuple of:
- out: of shape (N, D)
- cache: A tuple of values needed in the backward pass
"""
mode = bn_param['mode']
eps = bn_param.get('eps', 1e-5)
momentum = bn_param.get('momentum', 0.9)
N, D = x.shape
running_mean = bn_param.get('running_mean', np.zeros(D, dtype=x.dtype))
running_var = bn_param.get('running_var', np.zeros(D, dtype=x.dtype))
out, cache = None, None
if mode == 'train':
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement the training-time forward pass for batch norm. #
# Use minibatch statistics to compute the mean and variance, use #
# these statistics to normalize the incoming data, and scale and #
# shift the normalized data using gamma and beta. #
# #
# You should store the output in the variable out. Any intermediates #
# that you need for the backward pass should be stored in the cache #
# variable. #
# #
# You should also use your computed sample mean and variance together #
# with the momentum variable to update the running mean and running #
# variance, storing your result in the running_mean and running_var #
# variables. #
# #
# Note that though you should be keeping track of the running #
# variance, you should normalize the data based on the standard #
# deviation (square root of variance) instead! #
# Referencing the original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167) #
# might prove to be helpful. #
#######################################################################
sample_mean=np.mean(x,axis=0)
sample_var=np.var(x,axis=0)
x_hat=(x-sample_mean)/np.sqrt(sample_var+eps)
out=gamma*x_hat+beta
cache=(x,sample_mean,sample_var,x_hat,eps,gamma,beta)
running_mean=momentum*running_mean+(1-momentum)*sample_mean
running_var=momentum*running_var+(1-momentum)*sample_var
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
elif mode == 'test':
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement the test-time forward pass for batch normalization. #
# Use the running mean and variance to normalize the incoming data, #
# then scale and shift the normalized data using gamma and beta. #
# Store the result in the out variable. #
#######################################################################
out=(x-running_mean)*gamma/(np.sqrt(running_var+eps))+beta
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid forward batchnorm mode "%s"' % mode)
# Store the updated running means back into bn_param
bn_param['running_mean'] = running_mean
bn_param['running_var'] = running_var
return out, cache
8.完成layers.py中的batchnorm_backward()
def batchnorm_backward(dout, cache):
"""
Backward pass for batch normalization.
For this implementation, you should write out a computation graph for
batch normalization on paper and propagate gradients backward through
intermediate nodes.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of shape (N, D)
- cache: Variable of intermediates from batchnorm_forward.
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to inputs x, of shape (N, D)
- dgamma: Gradient with respect to scale parameter gamma, of shape (D,)
- dbeta: Gradient with respect to shift parameter beta, of shape (D,)
"""
dx, dgamma, dbeta = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for batch normalization. Store the #
# results in the dx, dgamma, and dbeta variables. #
# Referencing the original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167) #
# might prove to be helpful. #
###########################################################################
x,mean,var,x_hat,eps,gamma,beta=cache
N=x.shape[0]
dgamma=np.sum(dout*x_hat,axis=0)
dbeta=np.sum(dout*1.0,axis=0)
dx_hat=dout*gamma
dx_hat_numerator = dx_hat / np.sqrt(var + eps)
dx_hat_denominator = np.sum(dx_hat * (x-mean), axis=0)
dx_1 = dx_hat_numerator
dvar = -0.5* ((var + eps) ** (-1.5)) * dx_hat_denominator
dmean = -1.0* np.sum(dx_hat_numerator, axis=0) + dvar * np.mean(-2.0* (x-mean), axis = 0)
dx_var = dvar * 2.0 / N * (x-mean)
dx_mean = dmean * 1.0 / N
dx = dx_1 + dx_var + dx_mean
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dgamma, dbeta
9.完成layers.py中的dropout_forward()
def dropout_forward(x, dropout_param):
"""
Performs the forward pass for (inverted) dropout.
Inputs:
- x: Input data, of any shape
- dropout_param: A dictionary with the following keys:
- p: Dropout parameter. We keep each neuron output with probability p.
- mode: 'test' or 'train'. If the mode is train, then perform dropout;
if the mode is test, then just return the input.
- seed: Seed for the random number generator. Passing seed makes this
function deterministic, which is needed for gradient checking but not
in real networks.
Outputs:
- out: Array of the same shape as x.
- cache: tuple (dropout_param, mask). In training mode, mask is the dropout
mask that was used to multiply the input; in test mode, mask is None.
NOTE: Please implement **inverted** dropout, not the vanilla version of dropout.
See http://cs231n.github.io/neural-networks-2/#reg for more details.
NOTE 2: Keep in mind that p is the probability of **keep** a neuron
output; this might be contrary to some sources, where it is referred to
as the probability of dropping a neuron output.
"""
p, mode = dropout_param['p'], dropout_param['mode']
if 'seed' in dropout_param:
np.random.seed(dropout_param['seed'])
mask = None
out = None
if mode == 'train':
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement training phase forward pass for inverted dropout. #
# Store the dropout mask in the mask variable. #
#######################################################################
keep_prob=1-p
mask=(np.random.rand(*x.shape)<keep_prob)/keep_prob
out=mask*x
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
elif mode == 'test':
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement the test phase forward pass for inverted dropout. #
#######################################################################
out=x
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
cache = (dropout_param, mask)
out = out.astype(x.dtype, copy=False)
return out, cache
10.完成layers.py中的dropout_backward()
def dropout_backward(dout, cache):
"""
Perform the backward pass for (inverted) dropout.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of any shape
- cache: (dropout_param, mask) from dropout_forward.
"""
dropout_param, mask = cache
mode = dropout_param['mode']
dx = None
if mode == 'train':
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement training phase backward pass for inverted dropout #
#######################################################################
dx=mask*dout
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
elif mode == 'test':
dx = dout
return dx
11.完成fc_net.py中的class FullyConnectedNet()
class FullyConnectedNet(object):
"""
A fully-connected neural network with an arbitrary number of hidden layers,
ReLU nonlinearities, and a softmax loss function. This will also implement
dropout and batch/layer normalization as options. For a network with L layers,
the architecture will be
{affine - [batch/layer norm] - relu - [dropout]} x (L - 1) - affine - softmax
where batch/layer normalization and dropout are optional, and the {...} block is
repeated L - 1 times.
Similar to the TwoLayerNet above, learnable parameters are stored in the
self.params dictionary and will be learned using the Solver class.
"""
def __init__(self, hidden_dims, input_dim=3*32*32, num_classes=10,
dropout=1, normalization=None, reg=0.0,
weight_scale=1e-2, dtype=np.float32, seed=None):
"""
Initialize a new FullyConnectedNet.
Inputs:
- hidden_dims: A list of integers giving the size of each hidden layer.
- input_dim: An integer giving the size of the input.
- num_classes: An integer giving the number of classes to classify.
- dropout: Scalar between 0 and 1 giving dropout strength. If dropout=1 then
the network should not use dropout at all.
- normalization: What type of normalization the network should use. Valid values
are "batchnorm", "layernorm", or None for no normalization (the default).
- reg: Scalar giving L2 regularization strength.
- weight_scale: Scalar giving the standard deviation for random
initialization of the weights.
- dtype: A numpy datatype object; all computations will be performed using
this datatype. float32 is faster but less accurate, so you should use
float64 for numeric gradient checking.
- seed: If not None, then pass this random seed to the dropout layers. This
will make the dropout layers deteriminstic so we can gradient check the
model.
"""
self.normalization = normalization
self.use_dropout = dropout != 1
self.reg = reg
self.num_layers = 1 + len(hidden_dims)
self.dtype = dtype
self.params = {}
############################################################################
# TODO: Initialize the parameters of the network, storing all values in #
# the self.params dictionary. Store weights and biases for the first layer #
# in W1 and b1; for the second layer use W2 and b2, etc. Weights should be #
# initialized from a normal distribution centered at 0 with standard #
# deviation equal to weight_scale. Biases should be initialized to zero. #
# #
# When using batch normalization, store scale and shift parameters for the #
# first layer in gamma1 and beta1; for the second layer use gamma2 and #
# beta2, etc. Scale parameters should be initialized to ones and shift #
# parameters should be initialized to zeros. #
############################################################################
in_dim=input_dim
for i,h_dim in enumerate(hidden_dims):
self.params["W%d" % (i+1,)]=weight_scale*np.random.randn(in_dim,h_dim)
self.params["b%d" % (i+1,)]=np.zeros((h_dim,))
if self.normalization=='batchnorm':
self.params["gamma%d" % (i+1,)]=np.ones((h_dim,))
self.params["beta%d" % (i + 1,)] = np.zeros((h_dim,))
in_dim=h_dim###########这里！
self.params["W%d"%(self.num_layers,)]=weight_scale*np.random.randn(in_dim,num_classes)
self.params["b%d" % (self.num_layers,)] = np.zeros((num_classes,))
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
# When using dropout we need to pass a dropout_param dictionary to each
# dropout layer so that the layer knows the dropout probability and the mode
# (train / test). You can pass the same dropout_param to each dropout layer.
self.dropout_param = {}
if self.use_dropout:
self.dropout_param = {'mode': 'train', 'p': dropout}
if seed is not None:
self.dropout_param['seed'] = seed
# With batch normalization we need to keep track of running means and
# variances, so we need to pass a special bn_param object to each batch
# normalization layer. You should pass self.bn_params[0] to the forward pass
# of the first batch normalization layer, self.bn_params[1] to the forward
# pass of the second batch normalization layer, etc.
self.bn_params = []
if self.normalization=='batchnorm':
self.bn_params = [{'mode': 'train'} for i in range(self.num_layers - 1)]
if self.normalization=='layernorm':
self.bn_params = [{} for i in range(self.num_layers - 1)]
# Cast all parameters to the correct datatype
for k, v in self.params.items():
self.params[k] = v.astype(dtype)
def loss(self, X, y=None):
"""
Compute loss and gradient for the fully-connected net.
Input / output: Same as TwoLayerNet above.
"""
X = X.astype(self.dtype)
mode = 'test' if y is None else 'train'
# Set train/test mode for batchnorm params and dropout param since they
# behave differently during training and testing.
if self.use_dropout:
self.dropout_param['mode'] = mode
if self.normalization=='batchnorm':
for bn_param in self.bn_params:
bn_param['mode'] = mode
scores = None
############################################################################
# TODO: Implement the forward pass for the fully-connected net, computing #
# the class scores for X and storing them in the scores variable. #
# #
# When using dropout, you'll need to pass self.dropout_param to each #
# dropout forward pass. #
# #
# When using batch normalization, you'll need to pass self.bn_params[0] to #
# the forward pass for the first batch normalization layer, pass #
# self.bn_params[1] to the forward pass for the second batch normalization #
# layer, etc. #
############################################################################
fc_mix_cache={}
if self.use_dropout:
dp_cache={}
out=X
for i in range(self.num_layers-1):
w,b=self.params["W%d"%(i+1,)],self.params["b%d"%(i+1,)]
if self.normalization=='batchnorm':
gamma = self.params["gamma%d" % (i + 1,)]
beta = self.params["beta%d" % (i + 1,)]
out, fc_mix_cache[i] = affine_bn_relu_forward(out, w, b, gamma, beta, self.bn_params[i])
else
out, fc_mix_cache[i] = affine_relu_forward(out, w, b)
if self.use_dropout:
out, dp_cache[i] = dropout_forward(out, self.dropout_param)
w = self.params["W%d" % (self.num_layers,)]
b = self.params["b%d" % (self.num_layers,)]
out, out_cache = affine_forward(out, w, b)
scores = out
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
# If test mode return early
if mode == 'test':
return scores
loss, grads = 0.0, {}
############################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for the fully-connected net. Store the #
# loss in the loss variable and gradients in the grads dictionary. Compute #
# data loss using softmax, and make sure that grads[k] holds the gradients #
# for self.params[k]. Don't forget to add L2 regularization! #
# #
# When using batch/layer normalization, you don't need to regularize the scale #
# and shift parameters. #
# #
# NOTE: To ensure that your implementation matches ours and you pass the #
# automated tests, make sure that your L2 regularization includes a factor #
# of 0.5 to simplify the expression for the gradient. #
############################################################################
loss,dout=softmax_loss(scores,y)
loss+=0.5*self.reg* np.sum(self.params["W%d" % (self.num_layers,)]**2)
dout, dw, db = affine_backward(dout, out_cache)
grads["W%d" % (self.num_layers,)] = dw + self.reg *self.params["W%d" % (self.num_layers,)]
grads["b%d" % (self.num_layers,)] = db
for i in range(self.num_layers ‐ 1):
ri = self.num_layers-2-i
loss += 0.5 * self.reg * np.sum(self.params["W%d" % (ri+1,)]**2)
if self.normalization=='batchnorm': # 若开启dropout
dout = dropout_backward(dout, dp_cache[ri])
if self.use_batchnorm: # 若开启批量归一化
dout, dw, db, dgamma, dbeta = affine_bn_relu_backward(dout, fc_mix_cache[ri])
grads["gamma%d" % (ri + 1,)] = dgamma
grads["beta%d" % (ri + 1,)] = dbeta
else
dout, dw, db = affine_relu_backward(dout, fc_mix_cache[ri])
grads["W%d" % (ri + 1,)] = dw + self.reg * self.params["W%d" % (ri + 1,)]
grads["b%d" % (ri + 1,)] = db
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
return loss, grads
12.完成optim.py中的sgd_momentum(w, dw, config=None)
def sgd_momentum(w, dw, config=None):
"""
Performs stochastic gradient descent with momentum.
config format:
- learning_rate: Scalar learning rate.
- momentum: Scalar between 0 and 1 giving the momentum value.
Setting momentum = 0 reduces to sgd.
- velocity: A numpy array of the same shape as w and dw used to store a
moving average of the gradients.
"""
if config is None: config = {}
config.setdefault('learning_rate', 1e-2)
config.setdefault('momentum', 0.9)
v = config.get('velocity', np.zeros_like(w))
next_w = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the momentum update formula. Store the updated value in #
# the next_w variable. You should also use and update the velocity v. #
###########################################################################
v=config["momentum"]*v-config["learning_rate"]*dw
next_w=v+w
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
config['velocity'] = v
return next_w, config
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