完成以下六个任务：
1.CNN的前向传播
2.CNN的反向传播
3.“三明治”层——conv-relu-pool / conv-relu
4.三层CNN：conv-relu-maxpool-affine-relu-affine-softmax
5.空间BN
6.group normalization
BN——LN——spatial BN的Backward的区别：axis=0——axis=1——axis=2,3,4
分别形成（，D） （N,） （N,G） 的数组
# Convolutional Networks
So far we have worked with deep fully connected networks, using them to explore different optimization strategies and network architectures. Fully connected networks are a good testbed for experimentation because they are very computationally efficient, but in practice all state-of-the-art results use convolutional networks instead.
First you will implement several layer types that are used in convolutional networks. You will then use these layers to train a convolutional network on the CIFAR-10 dataset.
```python
# Setup cell.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from cs231n.classifiers.cnn import *
from cs231n.data_utils import get_CIFAR10_data
from cs231n.gradient_check import eval_numerical_gradient_array, eval_numerical_gradient
from cs231n.layers import *
from cs231n.fast_layers import *
from cs231n.solver import Solver
%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (10.0, 8.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'
# for auto-reloading external modules
# see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1907993/autoreload-of-modules-in-ipython
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
def rel_error(x, y):
""" returns relative error """
return np.max(np.abs(x - y) / (np.maximum(1e-8, np.abs(x) + np.abs(y))))
=========== You can safely ignore the message below if you are NOT working on ConvolutionalNetworks.ipynb ===========
You will need to compile a Cython extension for a portion of this assignment.
The instructions to do this will be given in a section of the notebook below.
# Load the (preprocessed) CIFAR-10 data.
data = get_CIFAR10_data()
for k, v in list(data.items()):
print(f"{k}: {v.shape}")
X_train: (49000, 3, 32, 32)
y_train: (49000,)
X_val: (1000, 3, 32, 32)
y_val: (1000,)
X_test: (1000, 3, 32, 32)
y_test: (1000,)
Convolution: Naive Forward Pass
The core of a convolutional network is the convolution operation. In the file cs231n/layers.py, implement the forward pass for the convolution layer in the function conv_forward_naive.
You don’t have to worry too much about efficiency at this point; just write the code in whatever way you find most clear.
You can test your implementation by running the following:
x_shape = (2, 3, 4, 4)
w_shape = (3, 3, 4, 4)
x = np.linspace(-0.1, 0.5, num=np.prod(x_shape)).reshape(x_shape)
w = np.linspace(-0.2, 0.3, num=np.prod(w_shape)).reshape(w_shape)
b = np.linspace(-0.1, 0.2, num=3)
conv_param = {'stride': 2, 'pad': 1}
out, _ = conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param)
correct_out = np.array([[[[-0.08759809, -0.10987781],
[-0.18387192, -0.2109216 ]],
[[ 0.21027089, 0.21661097],
[ 0.22847626, 0.23004637]],
[[ 0.50813986, 0.54309974],
[ 0.64082444, 0.67101435]]],
[[[-0.98053589, -1.03143541],
[-1.19128892, -1.24695841]],
[[ 0.69108355, 0.66880383],
[ 0.59480972, 0.56776003]],
[[ 2.36270298, 2.36904306],
[ 2.38090835, 2.38247847]]]])
# Compare your output to ours; difference should be around e-8
print('Testing conv_forward_naive')
print('difference: ', rel_error(out, correct_out))
Testing conv_forward_naive
difference: 2.2121476417505994e-08
Aside: Image Processing via Convolutions
As fun way to both check your implementation and gain a better understanding of the type of operation that convolutional layers can perform, we will set up an input containing two images and manually set up filters that perform common image processing operations (grayscale conversion and edge detection). The convolution forward pass will apply these operations to each of the input images. We can then visualize the results as a sanity check.
from imageio import imread
from PIL import Image
kitten = imread('cs231n/notebook_images/kitten.jpg')
puppy = imread('cs231n/notebook_images/puppy.jpg')
# kitten is wide, and puppy is already square
d = kitten.shape[1] - kitten.shape[0]
kitten_cropped = kitten[:, d//2:-d//2, :]
img_size = 200 # Make this smaller if it runs too slow
resized_puppy = np.array(Image.fromarray(puppy).resize((img_size, img_size)))
resized_kitten = np.array(Image.fromarray(kitten_cropped).resize((img_size, img_size)))
x = np.zeros((2, 3, img_size, img_size))
x[0, :, :, :] = resized_puppy.transpose((2, 0, 1))
x[1, :, :, :] = resized_kitten.transpose((2, 0, 1))
# Set up a convolutional weights holding 2 filters, each 3x3
w = np.zeros((2, 3, 3, 3))
# The first filter converts the image to grayscale.
# Set up the red, green, and blue channels of the filter.
w[0, 0, :, :] = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0.3, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
w[0, 1, :, :] = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0.6, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
w[0, 2, :, :] = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0.1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
# Second filter detects horizontal edges in the blue channel.
w[1, 2, :, :] = [[1, 2, 1], [0, 0, 0], [-1, -2, -1]]
# Vector of biases. We don't need any bias for the grayscale
# filter, but for the edge detection filter we want to add 128
# to each output so that nothing is negative.
b = np.array([0, 128])
# Compute the result of convolving each input in x with each filter in w,
# offsetting by b, and storing the results in out.
out, _ = conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, {'stride': 1, 'pad': 1})
def imshow_no_ax(img, normalize=True):
""" Tiny helper to show images as uint8 and remove axis labels """
if normalize:
img_max, img_min = np.max(img), np.min(img)
img = 255.0 * (img - img_min) / (img_max - img_min)
plt.imshow(img.astype('uint8'))
plt.gca().axis('off')
# Show the original images and the results of the conv operation
plt.subplot(2, 3, 1)
imshow_no_ax(puppy, normalize=False)
plt.title('Original image')
plt.subplot(2, 3, 2)
imshow_no_ax(out[0, 0])
plt.title('Grayscale')
plt.subplot(2, 3, 3)
imshow_no_ax(out[0, 1])
plt.title('Edges')
plt.subplot(2, 3, 4)
imshow_no_ax(kitten_cropped, normalize=False)
plt.subplot(2, 3, 5)
imshow_no_ax(out[1, 0])
plt.subplot(2, 3, 6)
imshow_no_ax(out[1, 1])
plt.show()
C:\Users\62405\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_14776\3128955772.py:4: DeprecationWarning: Starting with ImageIO v3 the behavior of this function will switch to that of iio.v3.imread. To keep the current behavior (and make this warning disappear) use `import imageio.v2 as imageio` or call `imageio.v2.imread` directly.
kitten = imread('cs231n/notebook_images/kitten.jpg')
C:\Users\62405\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_14776\3128955772.py:5: DeprecationWarning: Starting with ImageIO v3 the behavior of this function will switch to that of iio.v3.imread. To keep the current behavior (and make this warning disappear) use `import imageio.v2 as imageio` or call `imageio.v2.imread` directly.
puppy = imread('cs231n/notebook_images/puppy.jpg')
[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-kAIxA2T0-1686125469836)(output_7_1.png)]
Convolution: Naive Backward Pass
Implement the backward pass for the convolution operation in the function conv_backward_naive in the file cs231n/layers.py. Again, you don’t need to worry too much about computational efficiency.
When you are done, run the following to check your backward pass with a numeric gradient check.
np.random.seed(231)
x = np.random.randn(4, 3, 5, 5)
w = np.random.randn(2, 3, 3, 3)
b = np.random.randn(2,)
dout = np.random.randn(4, 2, 5, 5)
conv_param = {'stride': 1, 'pad': 1}
dx_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda x: conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param)[0], x, dout)
dw_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda w: conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param)[0], w, dout)
db_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda b: conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param)[0], b, dout)
out, cache = conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param)
dx, dw, db = conv_backward_naive(dout, cache)
# Your errors should be around e-8 or less.
print('Testing conv_backward_naive function')
print('dx error: ', rel_error(dx, dx_num))
print('dw error: ', rel_error(dw, dw_num))
print('db error: ', rel_error(db, db_num))
Testing conv_backward_naive function
dx error: 1.159803161159293e-08
dw error: 2.2471264748452487e-10
db error: 3.37264006649648e-11
Max-Pooling: Naive Forward Pass
Implement the forward pass for the max-pooling operation in the function max_pool_forward_naive in the file cs231n/layers.py. Again, don’t worry too much about computational efficiency.
Check your implementation by running the following:
x_shape = (2, 3, 4, 4)
x = np.linspace(-0.3, 0.4, num=np.prod(x_shape)).reshape(x_shape)
pool_param = {'pool_width': 2, 'pool_height': 2, 'stride': 2}
out, _ = max_pool_forward_naive(x, pool_param)
correct_out = np.array([[[[-0.26315789, -0.24842105],
[-0.20421053, -0.18947368]],
[[-0.14526316, -0.13052632],
[-0.08631579, -0.07157895]],
[[-0.02736842, -0.01263158],
[ 0.03157895, 0.04631579]]],
[[[ 0.09052632, 0.10526316],
[ 0.14947368, 0.16421053]],
[[ 0.20842105, 0.22315789],
[ 0.26736842, 0.28210526]],
[[ 0.32631579, 0.34105263],
[ 0.38526316, 0.4 ]]]])
# Compare your output with ours. Difference should be on the order of e-8.
print('Testing max_pool_forward_naive function:')
print('difference: ', rel_error(out, correct_out))
Testing max_pool_forward_naive function:
difference: 4.1666665157267834e-08
Max-Pooling: Naive Backward
Implement the backward pass for the max-pooling operation in the function max_pool_backward_naive in the file cs231n/layers.py. You don’t need to worry about computational efficiency.
Check your implementation with numeric gradient checking by running the following:
np.random.seed(231)
x = np.random.randn(3, 2, 8, 8)
dout = np.random.randn(3, 2, 4, 4)
pool_param = {'pool_height': 2, 'pool_width': 2, 'stride': 2}
dx_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda x: max_pool_forward_naive(x, pool_param)[0], x, dout)
out, cache = max_pool_forward_naive(x, pool_param)
dx = max_pool_backward_naive(dout, cache)
# Your error should be on the order of e-12
print('Testing max_pool_backward_naive function:')
print('dx error: ', rel_error(dx, dx_num))
Testing max_pool_backward_naive function:
dx error: 3.27562514223145e-12
Fast Layers
Making convolution and pooling layers fast can be challenging. To spare you the pain, we’ve provided fast implementations of the forward and backward passes for convolution and pooling layers in the file cs231n/fast_layers.py.
Execute the below cell, save the notebook, and restart the runtime
The fast convolution implementation depends on a Cython extension; to compile it, run the cell below. Next, save the Colab notebook (File > Save) and restart the runtime (Runtime > Restart runtime). You can then re-execute the preceeding cells from top to bottom and skip the cell below as you only need to run it once for the compilation step.
# Remember to restart the runtime after executing this cell!
%cd /content/drive/My\ Drive/$FOLDERNAME/cs231n/
!python setup.py build_ext --inplace
%cd /content/drive/My\ Drive/$FOLDERNAME/
%cd cs231n
!python setup.py build_ext --inplace
%cd ..
[autoreload of pkg_resources.extern.packaging.specifiers failed: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 261, in check
superreload(m, reload, self.old_objects)
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 484, in superreload
update_generic(old_obj, new_obj)
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 381, in update_generic
update(a, b)
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 333, in update_class
if update_generic(old_obj, new_obj):
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 381, in update_generic
update(a, b)
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 293, in update_function
setattr(old, name, getattr(new, name))
ValueError: _compare_compatible() requires a code object with 1 free vars, not 0
]
[autoreload of pkg_resources failed: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 261, in check
superreload(m, reload, self.old_objects)
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions\autoreload.py", line 459, in superreload
module = reload(module)
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 169, in reload
_bootstrap._exec(spec, module)
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619, in _exec
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 883, in exec_module
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 241, in _call_with_frames_removed
File "D:\ACADDanaconda\lib\site-packages\pkg_resources\__init__.py", line 134, in <module>
parse_version = packaging.version.Version
AttributeError: module 'pkg_resources._vendor.packaging' has no attribute 'version'
]
C:\Users\62405\assignment2\cs231n
C:\Users\62405\assignment2
error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 or greater is required. Get it with "Microsoft C++ Build Tools": https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/visual-cpp-build-tools/
The API for the fast versions of the convolution and pooling layers is exactly the same as the naive versions that you implemented above: the forward pass receives data, weights, and parameters and produces outputs and a cache object; the backward pass recieves upstream derivatives and the cache object and produces gradients with respect to the data and weights.
Note: The fast implementation for pooling will only perform optimally if the pooling regions are non-overlapping and tile the input. If these conditions are not met then the fast pooling implementation will not be much faster than the naive implementation.
You can compare the performance of the naive and fast versions of these layers by running the following:
调了半天配置不成功，我就把fast全都改成Naive了，反正不影响后面的作业
# Rel errors should be around e-9 or less.
from cs231n.fast_layers import conv_forward_fast, conv_backward_fast
from time import time
np.random.seed(231)
x = np.random.randn(100, 3, 31, 31)
w = np.random.randn(25, 3, 3, 3)
b = np.random.randn(25,)
dout = np.random.randn(100, 25, 16, 16)
conv_param = {'stride': 2, 'pad': 1}
t0 = time()
out_naive, cache_naive = conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param)
t1 = time()
out_fast, cache_fast = conv_forward_fast(x, w, b, conv_param)
t2 = time()
print('Testing conv_forward_fast:')
print('Naive: %fs' % (t1 - t0))
print('Fast: %fs' % (t2 - t1))
print('Speedup: %fx' % ((t1 - t0) / (t2 - t1)))
print('Difference: ', rel_error(out_naive, out_fast))
t0 = time()
dx_naive, dw_naive, db_naive = conv_backward_naive(dout, cache_naive)
t1 = time()
dx_fast, dw_fast, db_fast = conv_backward_fast(dout, cache_fast)
t2 = time()
print('\nTesting conv_backward_fast:')
print('Naive: %fs' % (t1 - t0))
print('Fast: %fs' % (t2 - t1))
print('Speedup: %fx' % ((t1 - t0) / (t2 - t1)))
print('dx difference: ', rel_error(dx_naive, dx_fast))
print('dw difference: ', rel_error(dw_naive, dw_fast))
print('db difference: ', rel_error(db_naive, db_fast))
Testing conv_forward_fast:
Naive: 4.632586s
Fast: 0.008073s
Speedup: 573.847372x
Difference: 4.926407851494105e-11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[9], line 26
24 dx_naive, dw_naive, db_naive = conv_backward_naive(dout, cache_naive)
25 t1 = time()
---> 26 dx_fast, dw_fast, db_fast = conv_backward_fast(dout, cache_fast)
27 t2 = time()
29 print('\nTesting conv_backward_fast:')
File ~\assignment2\cs231n\fast_layers.py:102, in conv_backward_strides(dout, cache)
100 dx_cols = w.reshape(F, -1).T.dot(dout_reshaped)
101 dx_cols.shape = (C, HH, WW, N, out_h, out_w)
--> 102 dx = col2im_6d_cython(dx_cols, N, C, H, W, HH, WW, pad, stride)
104 return dx, dw, db
NameError: name 'col2im_6d_cython' is not defined
# Relative errors should be close to 0.0.
from cs231n.fast_layers import max_pool_forward_fast, max_pool_backward_fast
np.random.seed(231)
x = np.random.randn(100, 3, 32, 32)
dout = np.random.randn(100, 3, 16, 16)
pool_param = {'pool_height': 2, 'pool_width': 2, 'stride': 2}
t0 = time()
out_naive, cache_naive = max_pool_forward_naive(x, pool_param)
t1 = time()
out_fast, cache_fast = max_pool_forward_fast(x, pool_param)
t2 = time()
print('Testing pool_forward_fast:')
print('Naive: %fs' % (t1 - t0))
print('fast: %fs' % (t2 - t1))
print('speedup: %fx' % ((t1 - t0) / (t2 - t1)))
print('difference: ', rel_error(out_naive, out_fast))
t0 = time()
dx_naive = max_pool_backward_naive(dout, cache_naive)
t1 = time()
dx_fast = max_pool_backward_fast(dout, cache_fast)
t2 = time()
print('\nTesting pool_backward_fast:')
print('Naive: %fs' % (t1 - t0))
print('fast: %fs' % (t2 - t1))
print('speedup: %fx' % ((t1 - t0) / (t2 - t1)))
print('dx difference: ', rel_error(dx_naive, dx_fast))
Testing pool_forward_fast:
Naive: 0.385716s
fast: 0.005741s
speedup: 67.190340x
difference: 0.0
Testing pool_backward_fast:
Naive: 0.536667s
fast: 0.023040s
speedup: 23.293248x
dx difference: 0.0
Convolutional “Sandwich” Layers
In the previous assignment, we introduced the concept of “sandwich” layers that combine multiple operations into commonly used patterns. In the file cs231n/layer_utils.py you will find sandwich layers that implement a few commonly used patterns for convolutional networks. Run the cells below to sanity check their usage.
from cs231n.layer_utils import conv_relu_pool_forward, conv_relu_pool_backward
np.random.seed(231)
x = np.random.randn(2, 3, 16, 16)
w = np.random.randn(3, 3, 3, 3)
b = np.random.randn(3,)
dout = np.random.randn(2, 3, 8, 8)
conv_param = {'stride': 1, 'pad': 1}
pool_param = {'pool_height': 2, 'pool_width': 2, 'stride': 2}
out, cache = conv_relu_pool_forward(x, w, b, conv_param, pool_param)
dx, dw, db = conv_relu_pool_backward(dout, cache)
dx_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda x: conv_relu_pool_forward(x, w, b, conv_param, pool_param)[0], x, dout)
dw_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda w: conv_relu_pool_forward(x, w, b, conv_param, pool_param)[0], w, dout)
db_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda b: conv_relu_pool_forward(x, w, b, conv_param, pool_param)[0], b, dout)
# Relative errors should be around e-8 or less
print('Testing conv_relu_pool')
print('dx error: ', rel_error(dx_num, dx))
print('dw error: ', rel_error(dw_num, dw))
print('db error: ', rel_error(db_num, db))
Testing conv_relu_pool
dx error: 1.738599426910482e-08
dw error: 4.341202270869644e-09
db error: 7.503490042633927e-10
from cs231n.layer_utils import conv_relu_forward, conv_relu_backward
np.random.seed(231)
x = np.random.randn(2, 3, 8, 8)
w = np.random.randn(3, 3, 3, 3)
b = np.random.randn(3,)
dout = np.random.randn(2, 3, 8, 8)
conv_param = {'stride': 1, 'pad': 1}
out, cache = conv_relu_forward(x, w, b, conv_param)
dx, dw, db = conv_relu_backward(dout, cache)
dx_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda x: conv_relu_forward(x, w, b, conv_param)[0], x, dout)
dw_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda w: conv_relu_forward(x, w, b, conv_param)[0], w, dout)
db_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(lambda b: conv_relu_forward(x, w, b, conv_param)[0], b, dout)
# Relative errors should be around e-8 or less
print('Testing conv_relu:')
print('dx error: ', rel_error(dx_num, dx))
print('dw error: ', rel_error(dw_num, dw))
print('db error: ', rel_error(db_num, db))
Testing conv_relu:
dx error: 2.9705674745090208e-09
dw error: 4.613604910475083e-10
db error: 1.5768994792719458e-10
Three-Layer Convolutional Network
Now that you have implemented all the necessary layers, we can put them together into a simple convolutional network.
Open the file cs231n/classifiers/cnn.py and complete the implementation of the ThreeLayerConvNet class. Remember you can use the fast/sandwich layers (already imported for you) in your implementation. Run the following cells to help you debug:
Sanity Check Loss
After you build a new network, one of the first things you should do is sanity check the loss. When we use the softmax loss, we expect the loss for random weights (and no regularization) to be about log(C) for C classes. When we add regularization the loss should go up slightly.
model = ThreeLayerConvNet()
N = 50
X = np.random.randn(N, 3, 32, 32)
y = np.random.randint(10, size=N)
loss, grads = model.loss(X, y)
print('Initial loss (no regularization): ', loss)
model.reg = 0.5
loss, grads = model.loss(X, y)
print('Initial loss (with regularization): ', loss)
#ln(10)=2.30258509299
Initial loss (no regularization): 2.3025863815768783
Initial loss (with regularization): 2.5088759060512924
Gradient Check
After the loss looks reasonable, use numeric gradient checking to make sure that your backward pass is correct. When you use numeric gradient checking you should use a small amount of artifical data and a small number of neurons at each layer. Note: correct implementations may still have relative errors up to the order of e-2.
num_inputs = 2
input_dim = (3, 16, 16)
reg = 0.0
num_classes = 10
np.random.seed(231)
X = np.random.randn(num_inputs, *input_dim)
y = np.random.randint(num_classes, size=num_inputs)
model = ThreeLayerConvNet(
num_filters=3,
filter_size=3,
input_dim=input_dim,
hidden_dim=7,
dtype=np.float64
)
#原函数里面卷积核是32个，hidden层神经元是100个
loss, grads = model.loss(X, y)
# Errors should be small, but correct implementations may have
# relative errors up to the order of e-2
for param_name in sorted(grads):
f = lambda _: model.loss(X, y)[0]
param_grad_num = eval_numerical_gradient(f, model.params[param_name], verbose=False, h=1e-6)
e = rel_error(param_grad_num, grads[param_name])
print('%s max relative error: %e' % (param_name, rel_error(param_grad_num, grads[param_name])))
W1 max relative error: 3.053965e-04
W2 max relative error: 1.822723e-02
W3 max relative error: 3.422399e-04
b1 max relative error: 3.397321e-06
b2 max relative error: 2.517459e-03
b3 max relative error: 9.711800e-10
Overfit Small Data
A nice trick is to train your model with just a few training samples. You should be able to overfit small datasets, which will result in very high training accuracy and comparatively low validation accuracy.
np.random.seed(231)
num_train = 100
small_data = {
'X_train': data['X_train'][:num_train],
'y_train': data['y_train'][:num_train],
'X_val': data['X_val'],
'y_val': data['y_val'],
}
model = ThreeLayerConvNet(weight_scale=1e-2)
solver = Solver(
model,
small_data,
num_epochs=15,
batch_size=50,
update_rule='adam',
optim_config={'learning_rate': 1e-3,},
verbose=True,
print_every=1
)
solver.train()
(Iteration 1 / 30) loss: 2.414060
(Epoch 0 / 15) train acc: 0.200000; val_acc: 0.137000
(Iteration 2 / 30) loss: 3.102925
(Epoch 1 / 15) train acc: 0.140000; val_acc: 0.087000
(Iteration 3 / 30) loss: 2.270331
(Iteration 4 / 30) loss: 2.096705
(Epoch 2 / 15) train acc: 0.240000; val_acc: 0.094000
(Iteration 5 / 30) loss: 1.838880
(Iteration 6 / 30) loss: 1.934188
(Epoch 3 / 15) train acc: 0.510000; val_acc: 0.173000
(Iteration 7 / 30) loss: 1.827912
(Iteration 8 / 30) loss: 1.639574
(Epoch 4 / 15) train acc: 0.520000; val_acc: 0.188000
(Iteration 9 / 30) loss: 1.330081
(Iteration 10 / 30) loss: 1.756115
(Epoch 5 / 15) train acc: 0.630000; val_acc: 0.167000
(Iteration 11 / 30) loss: 1.024162
(Iteration 12 / 30) loss: 1.041826
(Epoch 6 / 15) train acc: 0.750000; val_acc: 0.229000
(Iteration 13 / 30) loss: 1.142777
(Iteration 14 / 30) loss: 0.835706
(Epoch 7 / 15) train acc: 0.790000; val_acc: 0.247000
(Iteration 15 / 30) loss: 0.587786
(Iteration 16 / 30) loss: 0.645509
(Epoch 8 / 15) train acc: 0.820000; val_acc: 0.252000
(Iteration 17 / 30) loss: 0.786844
(Iteration 18 / 30) loss: 0.467054
(Epoch 9 / 15) train acc: 0.820000; val_acc: 0.178000
(Iteration 19 / 30) loss: 0.429880
(Iteration 20 / 30) loss: 0.635498
(Epoch 10 / 15) train acc: 0.900000; val_acc: 0.206000
(Iteration 21 / 30) loss: 0.365807
(Iteration 22 / 30) loss: 0.284220
(Epoch 11 / 15) train acc: 0.820000; val_acc: 0.201000
(Iteration 23 / 30) loss: 0.469343
(Iteration 24 / 30) loss: 0.509369
(Epoch 12 / 15) train acc: 0.920000; val_acc: 0.211000
(Iteration 25 / 30) loss: 0.111638
(Iteration 26 / 30) loss: 0.145388
(Epoch 13 / 15) train acc: 0.930000; val_acc: 0.213000
(Iteration 27 / 30) loss: 0.155575
(Iteration 28 / 30) loss: 0.143398
(Epoch 14 / 15) train acc: 0.960000; val_acc: 0.212000
(Iteration 29 / 30) loss: 0.158160
(Iteration 30 / 30) loss: 0.118934
(Epoch 15 / 15) train acc: 0.990000; val_acc: 0.220000
# Print final training accuracy.
print(
"Small data training accuracy:",
solver.check_accuracy(small_data['X_train'], small_data['y_train'])
)
# Print final validation accuracy.
print(
"Small data validation accuracy:",
solver.check_accuracy(small_data['X_val'], small_data['y_val'])
)
Plotting the loss, training accuracy, and validation accuracy should show clear overfitting:
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(solver.loss_history, 'o')
plt.xlabel('iteration')
plt.ylabel('loss')
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(solver.train_acc_history, '-o')
plt.plot(solver.val_acc_history, '-o')
plt.legend(['train', 'val'], loc='upper left')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('accuracy')
plt.show()
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Train the Network
By training the three-layer convolutional network for one epoch, you should achieve greater than 40% accuracy on the training set:
model = ThreeLayerConvNet(weight_scale=0.001, hidden_dim=500, reg=0.001)
solver = Solver(
model,
data,
num_epochs=1,
batch_size=50,
update_rule='adam',
optim_config={'learning_rate': 1e-3,},
verbose=True,
print_every=20
)
solver.train()
因为这个训练实在是太慢了我就没train完就停止了。反正也不影响后面的作业。
(Iteration 1 / 980) loss: 2.304740
(Epoch 0 / 1) train acc: 0.103000; val_acc: 0.107000
(Iteration 21 / 980) loss: 2.098229
(Iteration 41 / 980) loss: 1.951610
(Iteration 61 / 980) loss: 1.876376
(Iteration 81 / 980) loss: 1.902893
Unexpected exception formatting exception. Falling back to standard exception
Traceback (most recent call last)：
KeyboardInterrupt
# Print final training accuracy.
print(
"Full data training accuracy:",
solver.check_accuracy(data['X_train'], data['y_train'])
)
# Print final validation accuracy.
print(
"Full data validation accuracy:",
solver.check_accuracy(data['X_val'], data['y_val'])
)
Visualize Filters
You can visualize the first-layer convolutional filters from the trained network by running the following:
from cs231n.vis_utils import visualize_grid
grid = visualize_grid(model.params['W1'].transpose(0, 2, 3, 1))
plt.imshow(grid.astype('uint8'))
plt.axis('off')
plt.gcf().set_size_inches(5, 5)
plt.show()
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Spatial Batch Normalization
We already saw that batch normalization is a very useful technique for training deep fully connected networks. As proposed in the original paper (link in BatchNormalization.ipynb), batch normalization can also be used for convolutional networks, but we need to tweak it a bit; the modification will be called “spatial batch normalization.”
Normally, batch-normalization accepts inputs of shape (N, D) and produces outputs of shape (N, D), where we normalize across the minibatch dimension N. For data coming from convolutional layers, batch normalization needs to accept inputs of shape (N, C, H, W) and produce outputs of shape (N, C, H, W) where the N dimension gives the minibatch size and the (H, W) dimensions give the spatial size of the feature map.
If the feature map was produced using convolutions, then we expect every feature channel’s statistics e.g. mean, variance to be relatively consistent both between different images, and different locations within the same image – after all, every feature channel is produced by the same convolutional filter! Therefore, spatial batch normalization computes a mean and variance for each of the C feature channels by computing statistics over the minibatch dimension N as well the spatial dimensions H and W.
Spatial Batch Normalization: Forward Pass
In the file cs231n/layers.py, implement the forward pass for spatial batch normalization in the function spatial_batchnorm_forward. Check your implementation by running the following:
np.random.seed(231)
# Check the training-time forward pass by checking means and variances
# of features both before and after spatial batch normalization.
N, C, H, W = 2, 3, 4, 5
x = 4 * np.random.randn(N, C, H, W) + 10
print('Before spatial batch normalization:')
print(' shape: ', x.shape)
print(' means: ', x.mean(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
print(' stds: ', x.std(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
# Means should be close to zero and stds close to one
gamma, beta = np.ones(C), np.zeros(C)
bn_param = {'mode': 'train'}
out, _ = spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)
print('After spatial batch normalization:')
print(' shape: ', out.shape)
print(' means: ', out.mean(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
print(' stds: ', out.std(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
# Means should be close to beta and stds close to gamma
gamma, beta = np.asarray([3, 4, 5]), np.asarray([6, 7, 8])
out, _ = spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)
print('After spatial batch normalization (nontrivial gamma, beta):')
print(' shape: ', out.shape)
print(' means: ', out.mean(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
print(' stds: ', out.std(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
Before spatial batch normalization:
shape: (2, 3, 4, 5)
means: [9.33463814 8.90909116 9.11056338]
stds: [3.61447857 3.19347686 3.5168142 ]
After spatial batch normalization:
shape: (2, 3, 4, 5)
means: [ 6.18949336e-16 5.99520433e-16 -1.22124533e-16]
stds: [0.99999962 0.99999951 0.9999996 ]
After spatial batch normalization (nontrivial gamma, beta):
shape: (2, 3, 4, 5)
means: [6. 7. 8.]
stds: [2.99999885 3.99999804 4.99999798]
np.random.seed(231)
# Check the test-time forward pass by running the training-time
# forward pass many times to warm up the running averages, and then
# checking the means and variances of activations after a test-time
# forward pass.
N, C, H, W = 10, 4, 11, 12
bn_param = {'mode': 'train'}
gamma = np.ones(C)
beta = np.zeros(C)
for t in range(50):
x = 2.3 * np.random.randn(N, C, H, W) + 13
spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)
bn_param['mode'] = 'test'
x = 2.3 * np.random.randn(N, C, H, W) + 13
a_norm, _ = spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)
# Means should be close to zero and stds close to one, but will be
# noisier than training-time forward passes.
print('After spatial batch normalization (test-time):')
print(' means: ', a_norm.mean(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
print(' stds: ', a_norm.std(axis=(0, 2, 3)))
After spatial batch normalization (test-time):
means: [-0.08034398 0.07562874 0.05716365 0.04378379]
stds: [0.96718652 1.02997042 1.02887526 1.0058548 ]
Spatial Batch Normalization: Backward Pass
In the file cs231n/layers.py, implement the backward pass for spatial batch normalization in the function spatial_batchnorm_backward. Run the following to check your implementation using a numeric gradient check:
np.random.seed(231)
N, C, H, W = 2, 3, 4, 5
x = 5 * np.random.randn(N, C, H, W) + 12
gamma = np.random.randn(C)
beta = np.random.randn(C)
dout = np.random.randn(N, C, H, W)
bn_param = {'mode': 'train'}
fx = lambda x: spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)[0]
fg = lambda a: spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)[0]
fb = lambda b: spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)[0]
dx_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(fx, x, dout)
da_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(fg, gamma, dout)
db_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(fb, beta, dout)
#You should expect errors of magnitudes between 1e-12~1e-06
_, cache = spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param)
dx, dgamma, dbeta = spatial_batchnorm_backward(dout, cache)
print('dx error: ', rel_error(dx_num, dx))
print('dgamma error: ', rel_error(da_num, dgamma))
print('dbeta error: ', rel_error(db_num, dbeta))
dx error: 2.786648197756335e-07
dgamma error: 7.0974817113608705e-12
dbeta error: 3.275608725278405e-12
Spatial Group Normalization
In the previous notebook, we mentioned that Layer Normalization is an alternative normalization technique that mitigates the batch size limitations of Batch Normalization. However, as the authors of [2] observed, Layer Normalization does not perform as well as Batch Normalization when used with Convolutional Layers:
With fully connected layers, all the hidden units in a layer tend to make similar contributions to the final prediction, and re-centering and rescaling the summed inputs to a layer works well. However, the assumption of similar contributions is no longer true for convolutional neural networks. The large number of the hidden units whose
receptive fields lie near the boundary of the image are rarely turned on and thus have very different
statistics from the rest of the hidden units within the same layer.
The authors of [3] propose an intermediary technique. In contrast to Layer Normalization, where you normalize over the entire feature per-datapoint, they suggest a consistent splitting of each per-datapoint feature into G groups and a per-group per-datapoint normalization instead.
Even though an assumption of equal contribution is still being made within each group, the authors hypothesize that this is not as problematic, as innate grouping arises within features for visual recognition. One example they use to illustrate this is that many high-performance handcrafted features in traditional computer vision have terms that are explicitly grouped together. Take for example Histogram of Oriented Gradients [4] – after computing histograms per spatially local block, each per-block histogram is normalized before being concatenated together to form the final feature vector.
You will now implement Group Normalization.
[3] Wu, Yuxin, and Kaiming He. “Group Normalization.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.08494 (2018).
Spatial Group Normalization: Forward Pass
In the file cs231n/layers.py, implement the forward pass for group normalization in the function spatial_groupnorm_forward. Check your implementation by running the following:
np.random.seed(231)
# Check the training-time forward pass by checking means and variances
# of features both before and after spatial batch normalization.
N, C, H, W = 2, 6, 4, 5
G = 2
x = 4 * np.random.randn(N, C, H, W) + 10
x_g = x.reshape((N*G,-1))
print('Before spatial group normalization:')
print(' shape: ', x.shape)
print(' means: ', x_g.mean(axis=1))
print(' stds: ', x_g.std(axis=1))
# Means should be close to zero and stds close to one
gamma, beta = np.ones((1,C,1,1)), np.zeros((1,C,1,1))
bn_param = {'mode': 'train'}
out, _ = spatial_groupnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, G, bn_param)
out_g = out.reshape((N*G,-1))
print('After spatial group normalization:')
print(' shape: ', out.shape)
print(' means: ', out_g.mean(axis=1))
print(' stds: ', out_g.std(axis=1))
Before spatial group normalization:
shape: (2, 6, 4, 5)
means: [9.72505327 8.51114185 8.9147544 9.43448077]
stds: [3.67070958 3.09892597 4.27043622 3.97521327]
After spatial group normalization:
shape: (2, 6, 4, 5)
means: [-2.14643118e-16 5.25505565e-16 2.65528340e-16 -3.38618023e-16]
stds: [0.99999963 0.99999948 0.99999973 0.99999968]
Spatial Group Normalization: Backward Pass
In the file cs231n/layers.py, implement the backward pass for spatial batch normalization in the function spatial_groupnorm_backward. Run the following to check your implementation using a numeric gradient check:
np.random.seed(231)
N, C, H, W = 2, 6, 4, 5
G = 2
x = 5 * np.random.randn(N, C, H, W) + 12
gamma = np.random.randn(1,C,1,1)
beta = np.random.randn(1,C,1,1)
dout = np.random.randn(N, C, H, W)
gn_param = {}
fx = lambda x: spatial_groupnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, G, gn_param)[0]
fg = lambda a: spatial_groupnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, G, gn_param)[0]
fb = lambda b: spatial_groupnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, G, gn_param)[0]
dx_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(fx, x, dout)
da_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(fg, gamma, dout)
db_num = eval_numerical_gradient_array(fb, beta, dout)
_, cache = spatial_groupnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, G, gn_param)
dx, dgamma, dbeta = spatial_groupnorm_backward(dout, cache)
# You should expect errors of magnitudes between 1e-12 and 1e-07.
print('dx error: ', rel_error(dx_num, dx))
print('dgamma error: ', rel_error(da_num, dgamma))
print('dbeta error: ', rel_error(db_num, dbeta))
dx error: 7.413109964655058e-08
dgamma error: 9.468195772749234e-12
dbeta error: 3.354494437653335e-12
以下是cnn.py的代码：
from builtins import object
import numpy as np
from ..layers import *
from ..fast_layers import *
from ..layer_utils import *
class ThreeLayerConvNet(object):
"""
A three-layer convolutional network with the following architecture:
conv - relu - 2x2 max pool - affine - relu - affine - softmax
The network operates on minibatches of data that have shape (N, C, H, W)
consisting of N images, each with height H and width W and with C input
channels.
"""
def __init__(
self,
input_dim=(3, 32, 32),
num_filters=32,
filter_size=7,
hidden_dim=100,
num_classes=10,
weight_scale=1e-3,
reg=0.0,
dtype=np.float32,
):
"""
Initialize a new network.
Inputs:
- input_dim: Tuple (C, H, W) giving size of input data
- num_filters: Number of filters to use in the convolutional layer
- filter_size: Width/height of filters to use in the convolutional layer
- hidden_dim: Number of units to use in the fully-connected hidden layer
- num_classes: Number of scores to produce from the final affine layer.
- weight_scale: Scalar giving standard deviation for random initialization
of weights.
- reg: Scalar giving L2 regularization strength
- dtype: numpy datatype to use for computation.
"""
self.params = {}
self.reg = reg
self.dtype = dtype
############################################################################
# TODO: Initialize weights and biases for the three-layer convolutional #
# network. Weights should be initialized from a Gaussian centered at 0.0 #
# with standard deviation equal to weight_scale; biases should be #
# initialized to zero. All weights and biases should be stored in the #
# dictionary self.params. Store weights and biases for the convolutional #
# layer using the keys 'W1' and 'b1'; use keys 'W2' and 'b2' for the #
# weights and biases of the hidden affine layer, and keys 'W3' and 'b3' #
# for the weights and biases of the output affine layer. #
# #
# IMPORTANT: For this assignment, you can assume that the padding #
# and stride of the first convolutional layer are chosen so that #
# **the width and height of the input are preserved**. Take a look at #
# the start of the loss() function to see how that happens. #
############################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
C,H,W = input_dim
self.params['W1'] = np.random.normal(0.0,weight_scale,(num_filters,C,filter_size,filter_size))
#每个filter的W和b不一样
self.params['b1'] = np.zeros(num_filters)
self.params['W2'] = np.random.normal(0.0,weight_scale,(num_filters* H//2 * W//2,hidden_dim))
self.params['b2'] = np.zeros(hidden_dim)
self.params['W3'] = np.random.normal(0.0,weight_scale,(hidden_dim,num_classes))
self.params['b3'] = np.zeros(num_classes)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
for k, v in self.params.items():
self.params[k] = v.astype(dtype)
def loss(self, X, y=None):
"""
Evaluate loss and gradient for the three-layer convolutional network.
Input / output: Same API as TwoLayerNet in fc_net.py.
"""
W1, b1 = self.params["W1"], self.params["b1"]
W2, b2 = self.params["W2"], self.params["b2"]
W3, b3 = self.params["W3"], self.params["b3"]
# pass conv_param to the forward pass for the convolutional layer
# Padding and stride chosen to preserve the input spatial size
filter_size = W1.shape[2]
conv_param = {"stride": 1, "pad": (filter_size - 1) // 2}
# pass pool_param to the forward pass for the max-pooling layer
pool_param = {"pool_height": 2, "pool_width": 2, "stride": 2}
scores = None
############################################################################
# TODO: Implement the forward pass for the three-layer convolutional net, #
# computing the class scores for X and storing them in the scores #
# variable. #
# #
# Remember you can use the functions defined in cs231n/fast_layers.py and #
# cs231n/layer_utils.py in your implementation (already imported). #
############################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,conv_cache = conv_relu_pool_forward(X,W1,b1,conv_param,pool_param)
x,hidn_cache = affine_relu_forward(x,W2,b2)
x,clas_cache = affine_forward(x,W3,b3)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
if y is None:
return x
loss, grads = 0, {}
############################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for the three-layer convolutional net, #
# storing the loss and gradients in the loss and grads variables. Compute #
# data loss using softmax, and make sure that grads[k] holds the gradients #
# for self.params[k]. Don't forget to add L2 regularization! #
# #
# NOTE: To ensure that your implementation matches ours and you pass the #
# automated tests, make sure that your L2 regularization includes a factor #
# of 0.5 to simplify the expression for the gradient. #
############################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
l_softmax,g_softmax = softmax_loss(x,y)
#g_softmax就是dout l_softmax就是loss
dl_dx,grads['W3'],grads['b3'] = affine_backward(g_softmax,clas_cache)
grads['W3'] += self.reg * W3
loss += np.sum(np.power(W3,2))
#给梯度和损失都加上正则化，这里Loss没乘reg，下面会在总Loss算出来以后一起乘reg
dl_dx,grads['W2'],grads['b2'] = affine_relu_backward(dl_dx,hidn_cache)
grads['W2'] += self.reg * W2
loss += np.sum(np.power(W2,2))
dl_dx,grads['W1'],grads['b1'] = conv_relu_pool_backward(dl_dx,conv_cache)
grads['W1'] += self.reg * W1
loss += np.sum(np.power(W1,2))
loss = l_softmax + 0.5 * self.reg * loss
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
############################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
############################################################################
return loss, grads
以下是layers.py的代码：
from builtins import range
import numpy as np
def affine_forward(x, w, b):
"""Computes the forward pass for an affine (fully connected) layer.
The input x has shape (N, d_1, ..., d_k) and contains a minibatch of N
examples, where each example x[i] has shape (d_1, ..., d_k). We will
reshape each input into a vector of dimension D = d_1 * ... * d_k, and
then transform it to an output vector of dimension M.
Inputs:
- x: A numpy array containing input data, of shape (N, d_1, ..., d_k)
- w: A numpy array of weights, of shape (D, M)
- b: A numpy array of biases, of shape (M,)
Returns a tuple of:
- out: output, of shape (N, M)
- cache: (x, w, b)
"""
out = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Copy over your solution from Assignment 1. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
inp = x.reshape((x.shape[0],-1))
out = np.dot(inp,w)+b
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
cache = (x, w, b)
return out, cache
def affine_backward(dout, cache):
"""Computes the backward pass for an affine (fully connected) layer.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivative, of shape (N, M)
- cache: Tuple of:
- x: Input data, of shape (N, d_1, ... d_k)
- w: Weights, of shape (D, M)
- b: Biases, of shape (M,)
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to x, of shape (N, d1, ..., d_k)
- dw: Gradient with respect to w, of shape (D, M)
- db: Gradient with respect to b, of shape (M,)
"""
x, w, b = cache
dx, dw, db = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Copy over your solution from Assignment 1. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
inp = x.reshape((x.shape[0],-1))
dinp = dout @ w.T
#dinp是x的偏导
dx = dinp.reshape(x.shape)
dw = inp.T @ dout
db = np.sum(dout,axis=0)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dw, db
def relu_forward(x):
"""Computes the forward pass for a layer of rectified linear units (ReLUs).
Input:
- x: Inputs, of any shape
Returns a tuple of:
- out: Output, of the same shape as x
- cache: x
"""
out = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Copy over your solution from Assignment 1. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
out = np.copy(x)
out[x<0] = 0
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
cache = x
return out, cache
def relu_backward(dout, cache):
"""Computes the backward pass for a layer of rectified linear units (ReLUs).
Input:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of any shape
- cache: Input x, of same shape as dout
Returns:
- dx: Gradient with respect to x
"""
dx, x = None, cache
###########################################################################
# TODO: Copy over your solution from Assignment 1. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
dx = np.copy(dout)
dx[x<0]=0
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx
def softmax_loss(x, y):
"""Computes the loss and gradient for softmax classification.
Inputs:
- x: Input data, of shape (N, C) where x[i, j] is the score for the jth
class for the ith input.
- y: Vector of labels, of shape (N,) where y[i] is the label for x[i] and
0 <= y[i] < C
Returns a tuple of:
- loss: Scalar giving the loss
- dx: Gradient of the loss with respect to x
"""
loss, dx = None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Copy over your solution from Assignment 1. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
num_train = x.shape[0]
ex = np.exp(x)
p = (ex.T / np.sum(ex, axis=1)).T
loss = -np.sum(np.log(p[np.arange(num_train), y])) / num_train
dx = np.copy(p)
dx[np.arange(num_train), y] -= 1
dx = dx / num_train
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return loss, dx
def batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param):
"""Forward pass for batch normalization.
During training the sample mean and (uncorrected) sample variance are
computed from minibatch statistics and used to normalize the incoming data.
During training we also keep an exponentially decaying running mean of the
mean and variance of each feature, and these averages are used to normalize
data at test-time.
At each timestep we update the running averages for mean and variance using
an exponential decay based on the momentum parameter:
running_mean = momentum * running_mean + (1 - momentum) * sample_mean
running_var = momentum * running_var + (1 - momentum) * sample_var
Note that the batch normalization paper suggests a different test-time
behavior: they compute sample mean and variance for each feature using a
large number of training images rather than using a running average. For
this implementation we have chosen to use running averages instead since
they do not require an additional estimation step; the torch7
implementation of batch normalization also uses running averages.
这里的训练时，没有用每一层的数据平均值/方差的平均值（batch训练，每一个batch中的minibatch都会有对应的BN的mean和var），而是用runingmean和running var，直接用累积到最后的runingmean和running var计算
Input:
- x: Data of shape (N, D)
- gamma: Scale parameter of shape (D,)
- beta: Shift paremeter of shape (D,)
- bn_param: Dictionary with the following keys:
- mode: 'train' or 'test'; required
- eps: Constant for numeric stability
- momentum: Constant for running mean / variance.
- running_mean: Array of shape (D,) giving running mean of features
- running_var Array of shape (D,) giving running variance of features
Returns a tuple of:
- out: of shape (N, D)
- cache: A tuple of values needed in the backward pass
"""
mode = bn_param["mode"]
eps = bn_param.get("eps", 1e-5)
momentum = bn_param.get("momentum", 0.9)
N, D = x.shape
running_mean = bn_param.get("running_mean", np.zeros(D, dtype=x.dtype))
running_var = bn_param.get("running_var", np.zeros(D, dtype=x.dtype))
out, cache = None, None
if mode == "train":
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement the training-time forward pass for batch norm. #
# Use minibatch statistics to compute the mean and variance, use #
# these statistics to normalize the incoming data, and scale and #
# shift the normalized data using gamma and beta. #
# #
# You should store the output in the variable out. Any intermediates #
# that you need for the backward pass should be stored in the cache #
# variable. #
# #
# You should also use your computed sample mean and variance together #
# with the momentum variable to update the running mean and running #
# variance, storing your result in the running_mean and running_var #
# variables. #
# #
# Note that though you should be keeping track of the running #
# variance, you should normalize the data based on the standard #
# deviation (square root of variance) instead! #
# Referencing the original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167) #
# might prove to be helpful. #
#######################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
mean = np.mean(x,axis = 0)
var = np.var(x,axis=0)+eps
std = np.sqrt(var)
x_norm = (x-mean) / std
out = x_norm * gamma + beta
running_mean = momentum * running_mean + (1-momentum) * mean
running_var = momentum * running_var + (1-momentum) * var
cache = (x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
elif mode == "test":
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement the test-time forward pass for batch normalization. #
# Use the running mean and variance to normalize the incoming data, #
# then scale and shift the normalized data using gamma and beta. #
# Store the result in the out variable. #
#######################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x_norm = (x - running_mean) / np.sqrt(running_var + eps)
out = x_norm * gamma + beta
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid forward batchnorm mode "%s"' % mode)
# Store the updated running means back into bn_param
bn_param["running_mean"] = running_mean
bn_param["running_var"] = running_var
return out, cache
def batchnorm_backward(dout, cache):
"""Backward pass for batch normalization.
For this implementation, you should write out a computation graph for
batch normalization on paper and propagate gradients backward through
intermediate nodes.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of shape (N, D)
- cache: Variable of intermediates from batchnorm_forward.
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to inputs x, of shape (N, D)
- dgamma: Gradient with respect to scale parameter gamma, of shape (D,)
- dbeta: Gradient with respect to shift parameter beta, of shape (D,)
"""
dx, dgamma, dbeta = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for batch normalization. Store the #
# results in the dx, dgamma, and dbeta variables. #
# Referencing the original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167) #
# might prove to be helpful. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std = cache
N,D = dout.shape
dgamma = np.sum(dout * x_norm, axis = 0)
dbeta = np.sum(dout,axis = 0)
dx_norm = dout * gamma
xmu = x - mean
divar = np.sum(dx_norm * xmu,axis = 0)
ivar = 1 / std
dxmu1 = dx_norm * ivar
dsqrtvar = -1 / std ** 2 * divar
dvar = 0.5 / std * dsqrtvar
dsq = 1/N * np.ones((N,D))* dvar
dxmu2 = 2 * xmu *dsq
dx1 = dxmu1 + dxmu2
dmu = -1 * np.sum(dx1,axis = 0)
dx2 = 1/N * np.ones((N,D)) * dmu
dx = dx1 + dx2
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dgamma, dbeta
def batchnorm_backward_alt(dout, cache):
"""Alternative backward pass for batch normalization.
For this implementation you should work out the derivatives for the batch
normalizaton backward pass on paper and simplify as much as possible. You
should be able to derive a simple expression for the backward pass.
See the jupyter notebook for more hints.
Note: This implementation should expect to receive the same cache variable
as batchnorm_backward, but might not use all of the values in the cache.
Inputs / outputs: Same as batchnorm_backward
"""
dx, dgamma, dbeta = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for batch normalization. Store the #
# results in the dx, dgamma, and dbeta variables. #
# #
# After computing the gradient with respect to the centered inputs, you #
# should be able to compute gradients with respect to the inputs in a #
# single statement; our implementation fits on a single 80-character line.#
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std = cache
N = 1.0 * x.shape[0]
dfdu = dout * gamma
dfdv = np.sum(dfdu * (x-mean) * -0.5 * var ** -1.5,axis = 0)
dfdw = np.sum(dfdu * -1 /std,axis = 0) + dfdv * np.sum(-2/N * (x-mean),axis = 0)
dx = dfdu / std + dfdv * 2/N * (x-mean) + dfdw / N
dgamma = np.sum(dout * x_norm,axis = 0)
dbeta = np.sum(dout,axis=0)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dgamma, dbeta
def layernorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, ln_param):
"""Forward pass for layer normalization.
During both training and test-time, the incoming data is normalized per data-point,
before being scaled by gamma and beta parameters identical to that of batch normalization.
Note that in contrast to batch normalization, the behavior during train and test-time for
layer normalization are identical, and we do not need to keep track of running averages
of any sort.
Input:
- x: Data of shape (N, D)
- gamma: Scale parameter of shape (D,)
- beta: Shift paremeter of shape (D,)
- ln_param: Dictionary with the following keys:
- eps: Constant for numeric stability
Returns a tuple of:
- out: of shape (N, D)
- cache: A tuple of values needed in the backward pass
"""
out, cache = None, None
eps = ln_param.get("eps", 1e-5)
#get：如果ln_param中的eps是空的，就返回1e-5，防止没设置eps导致报错
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the training-time forward pass for layer norm. #
# Normalize the incoming data, and scale and shift the normalized data #
# using gamma and beta. #
# HINT: this can be done by slightly modifying your training-time #
# implementation of batch normalization, and inserting a line or two of #
# well-placed code. In particular, can you think of any matrix #
# transformations you could perform, that would enable you to copy over #
# the batch norm code and leave it almost unchanged? #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
xT = x.T
mean = np.mean(xT,axis = 0,keepdims=True)
var = np.var(xT,axis = 0,keepdims=True) + eps
std = np.sqrt(var)
x_norm = (xT - mean ) / std
x_norm = x_norm.T
out = x_norm * gamma + beta
cache = (x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return out, cache
def layernorm_backward(dout, cache):
"""Backward pass for layer normalization.
For this implementation, you can heavily rely on the work you've done already
for batch normalization.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of shape (N, D)
- cache: Variable of intermediates from layernorm_forward.
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to inputs x, of shape (N, D)
- dgamma: Gradient with respect to scale parameter gamma, of shape (D,)
- dbeta: Gradient with respect to shift parameter beta, of shape (D,)
"""
dx, dgamma, dbeta = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for layer norm. #
# #
# HINT: this can be done by slightly modifying your training-time #
# implementation of batch normalization. The hints to the forward pass #
# still apply! #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std = cache
dgamma = np.sum(dout * x_norm,axis = 0)
dbeta = np.sum(dout, axis = 0)
#在这里可以把x,x_norm进行转置，这样就跟BN一样了
N = 1.0 * x.shape[1]
dfdu = dout * gamma
dfdv = np.sum(dfdu * (x - mean) * -0.5 * var ** -1.5, axis = 1)
dfdw = np.sum(dfdu * -1 / std, axis = 1) + dfdv * np.sum(-2/N * (x - mean), axis = 1)
dx = dfdu / std + dfdv.reshape(-1, 1) * 2/N * (x - mean) + dfdw.reshape(-1, 1) / N
#dfdv,dfdw都是一维数组，dx是二维矩阵,reshape(-1, 1)是把数组转换成列向量，进行广播运算
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dgamma, dbeta
def dropout_forward(x, dropout_param):
"""Forward pass for inverted dropout.
Note that this is different from the vanilla version of dropout.
Here, p is the probability of keeping a neuron output, as opposed to
the probability of dropping a neuron output.
See http://cs231n.github.io/neural-networks-2/#reg for more details.
Inputs:
- x: Input data, of any shape
- dropout_param: A dictionary with the following keys:
- p: Dropout parameter. We keep each neuron output with probability p.
- mode: 'test' or 'train'. If the mode is train, then perform dropout;
if the mode is test, then just return the input.
- seed: Seed for the random number generator. Passing seed makes this
function deterministic, which is needed for gradient checking but not
in real networks.
Outputs:
- out: Array of the same shape as x.
- cache: tuple (dropout_param, mask). In training mode, mask is the dropout
mask that was used to multiply the input; in test mode, mask is None.
"""
p, mode = dropout_param["p"], dropout_param["mode"]
if "seed" in dropout_param:
np.random.seed(dropout_param["seed"])
mask = None
out = None
if mode == "train":
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement training phase forward pass for inverted dropout. #
# Store the dropout mask in the mask variable. #
#######################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
mask = (np.random.rand(*x.shape) < p)/p
out = x * mask
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
elif mode == "test":
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement the test phase forward pass for inverted dropout. #
#######################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
out = x
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
cache = (dropout_param, mask)
out = out.astype(x.dtype, copy=False)
return out, cache
def dropout_backward(dout, cache):
"""Backward pass for inverted dropout.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of any shape
- cache: (dropout_param, mask) from dropout_forward.
"""
dropout_param, mask = cache
mode = dropout_param["mode"]
dx = None
if mode == "train":
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement training phase backward pass for inverted dropout #
#######################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
dx = dout * mask
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
#######################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
#######################################################################
elif mode == "test":
dx = dout
return dx
def conv_forward_naive(x, w, b, conv_param):
"""A naive implementation of the forward pass for a convolutional layer.
The input consists of N data points, each with C channels, height H and
width W. We convolve each input with F different filters, where each filter
spans all C channels and has height HH and width WW.
Input:
- x: Input data of shape (N, C, H, W)
- w: Filter weights of shape (F, C, HH, WW)
- b: Biases, of shape (F,)
- conv_param: A dictionary with the following keys:
- 'stride': The number of pixels between adjacent receptive fields in the
horizontal and vertical directions.
- 'pad': The number of pixels that will be used to zero-pad the input.
During padding, 'pad' zeros should be placed symmetrically (i.e equally on both sides)
along the height and width axes of the input. Be careful not to modfiy the original
input x directly.
Returns a tuple of:
- out: Output data, of shape (N, F, H', W') where H' and W' are given by
H' = 1 + (H + 2 * pad - HH) / stride
W' = 1 + (W + 2 * pad - WW) / stride
- cache: (x, w, b, conv_param)
"""
out = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the convolutional forward pass. #
# Hint: you can use the function np.pad for padding. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
stride = conv_param['stride']
pad = conv_param['pad']
F,C,HH,WW = w.shape
x_pad = np.pad(x,((0,0),(0,0),(pad,pad),(pad,pad)),'constant')
#np.pad()函数接受三个参数：输入数组、填充的宽度和填充值。填充的宽度可以是一个整数，表示在每个维度上填充的宽度相同，也可以是一个元组，表示在每个维度上填充的宽度不同。第三个参数'constant'表示使用常数填充，即在填充区域中所有元素都使用同一个常数填充。如果不指定此参数，则默认使用0进行填充。
N,C,H_p,W_p = x_pad.shape
assert (H_p - HH) % stride == 0
assert (W_p -WW) % stride == 0
out = np.zeros((N,F,1+(H_p - HH) // stride,1 + (W_p -WW) // stride))
#卷积核的个数就是输出的通道数
#卷积的过程：对每个图片（X）进行如下操作：对图片的每个通道，用某个卷积核（比如卷积核i）按顺序卷积（用W*X[某个通道上的、size跟W一样的区域]），把C个通道的结果相加，再加上一个偏置，得到第i个输出通道上的结果。最终的结果是F个卷积核卷积之后得到一共F个输出通道的结果，每个通道都是上述的过程。
for n in range(N):
for f in range(F):
for i in range(0,H_p - HH + 1,stride):
#在原图进行pad之后，从H[0]开始，以步长为单位，一直循环到H[H_p - HH]，不循环到[H_p]是因为如果卷积核到了H[H_p]那卷积核就超过了原图的界限了
for j in range(0,W_p - WW + 1,stride):
#结合上面的H，可知这两个for循环是在原图（加入了Padding之后）上用卷积核从[0,0]一直遍历到[H_p - HH,W_pad - WW]
out[n,f,i//stride,j//stride]=np.sum(x_pad[n,:,i:i+HH,j:j+WW] * w[f])+b[f]
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
cache = (x, w, b, conv_param)
return out, cache
def conv_backward_naive(dout, cache):
"""A naive implementation of the backward pass for a convolutional layer.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives.
- cache: A tuple of (x, w, b, conv_param) as in conv_forward_naive
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to x
- dw: Gradient with respect to w
- db: Gradient with respect to b
"""
dx, dw, db = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the convolutional backward pass. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,w,b,conv_param = cache
stride = conv_param['stride']
pad = conv_param['pad']
x_pad = np.pad(x,((0,0),(0,0),(pad,pad),(pad,pad)),'constant')
F,C,HH,WW = w.shape
N,C,H_p,W_p = x_pad.shape
dx_pad = np.zeros_like(x_pad)
dw = np.zeros_like(w)
db = np.sum(dout,axis=(0,2,3))
#out = wx+b
#dw(就是L对w的偏导）= dL/dout *dout/dw = dout * x
#db = dout的sum(所有样本、所有输出特征图的所有位置),得到的结果是一个形状为(num_filters,)的一维数组，其中每个元素表示对应通道的偏置项梯度。
for n in range(N):
for f in range(F):
for i in range(0,H_p - HH + 1,stride):
#在原图进行pad之后，从H[0]开始，以步长为单位，一直循环到H[H_p - HH]，不循环到[H_p]是因为如果卷积核到了H[H_p]那卷积核就超过了原图的界限了
for j in range(0,W_p - WW + 1,stride):
#dout是（N,F,H',W'），相当于笔记上的L对z的偏导 所以dx要用dout乘w，dw要用dout乘x对应的部分
dx_pad[n,:,i:i+HH,j:j+WW] += dout[n,f,i//stride,j//stride]*w[f]
#x_pad的更新是以感受野为单位的，同一个感受野的几个像素更新同样大小的梯度 dout[n,f,i//stride,j//stride]是一个标量，就是L对某个Z的偏导，Z是w1x1+w2x2···
dw[f] += dout[n,f,i//stride,j//stride] * x_pad[n,:,i:i+HH,j:j+WW]
#dw=dout[1]*x[与卷积核同样size的区域1]+dout[2]*x[与卷积核同样size的区域2]+···
dx = dx_pad[:,:,pad:-pad,pad:-pad]
#返回减去pad的dx(保持与原数据的size一样）
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dw, db
def max_pool_forward_naive(x, pool_param):
"""A naive implementation of the forward pass for a max-pooling layer.
Inputs:
- x: Input data, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- pool_param: dictionary with the following keys:
- 'pool_height': The height of each pooling region
- 'pool_width': The width of each pooling region
- 'stride': The distance between adjacent pooling regions
No padding is necessary here, eg you can assume:
- (H - pool_height) % stride == 0
- (W - pool_width) % stride == 0
Returns a tuple of:
- out: Output data, of shape (N, C, H', W') where H' and W' are given by
H' = 1 + (H - pool_height) / stride
W' = 1 + (W - pool_width) / stride
- cache: (x, pool_param)
"""
out = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the max-pooling forward pass #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
N,C,H,W= x.shape
pool_height,pool_width = pool_param['pool_height'],pool_param['pool_width']
stride = pool_param['stride']
out = np.zeros((N,C,1+(H-pool_height) // stride,1 + (W - pool_width) // stride))
for n in range(N):
for c in range(C):
for i in range(0,H - pool_height +1,stride):
for j in range(0,W - pool_width + 1 ,stride):
out[n,c,i//stride,j//stride]=np.max(x[n,c,i:i+pool_height,j:j+pool_width])
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
cache = (x, pool_param)
return out, cache
def max_pool_backward_naive(dout, cache):
"""A naive implementation of the backward pass for a max-pooling layer.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives
- cache: A tuple of (x, pool_param) as in the forward pass.
Returns:
- dx: Gradient with respect to x
"""
dx = None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the max-pooling backward pass #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,pool_param = cache
N,C,H,W = x.shape
pool_height,pool_width = pool_param['pool_height'],pool_param['pool_width']
stride = pool_param['stride']
dx = np.zeros_like(x)
#np.unravel_index:将一个扁平化的数组索引转换为多维数组的索引,比如把扁平化数组索引：np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])放到格式（2,3）中，那么会返回两个数组，第一个是行坐标（把array按照（2,3）的格式进行重新排列之后的坐标），第二个是列坐标：(array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
for n in range(N):
for c in range(C):
for i in range(0, H - pool_height + 1, stride):
for j in range(0, W - pool_width + 1, stride):
index = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(x[n, c, i : i + pool_height, j : j + pool_width]), (pool_height, pool_width))
#把x中与卷积核size相同的元素中最大的那个的坐标放到卷积核的格式中，表示它在卷积核中的位置（也是在此区域的x中的位置）
dx[n, c, index[0] + i, index[1] + j] = dout[n, c, i//stride, j//stride]
#dout中的每个元素分别赋值给dx被卷积区域中在原来的x中值最大的索引处。即dout只回传给Max的索引（因为在Max池化层中，只有最大的那个被向前pass了，其他的都没Pass）
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx
#只返回最大的那个数给x，其他的都是0
def spatial_batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param):
"""Computes the forward pass for spatial batch normalization.
Inputs:
- x: Input data of shape (N, C, H, W)
- gamma: Scale parameter, of shape (C,)
- beta: Shift parameter, of shape (C,)
- bn_param: Dictionary with the following keys:
- mode: 'train' or 'test'; required
- eps: Constant for numeric stability
- momentum: Constant for running mean / variance. momentum=0 means that
old information is discarded completely at every time step, while
momentum=1 means that new information is never incorporated. The
default of momentum=0.9 should work well in most situations.
- running_mean: Array of shape (D,) giving running mean of features
- running_var Array of shape (D,) giving running variance of features
Returns a tuple of:
- out: Output data, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- cache: Values needed for the backward pass
"""
out, cache = None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the forward pass for spatial batch normalization. #
# #
# HINT: You can implement spatial batch normalization by calling the #
# vanilla version of batch normalization you implemented above. #
# Your implementation should be very short; ours is less than five lines. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
N,C,H,W = x.shape
x_trans = x.transpose(0,2,3,1).reshape(N*H*W,C)
#相当于把x铺展成二维的形式（为了迎合普通BN层的输入格式：（N,D）） 以通道为单位进行BN
out1,cache = batchnorm_forward(x_trans,gamma,beta,bn_param)
out = out1.reshape(N,H,W,C).transpose(0,3,1,2)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return out, cache
def spatial_batchnorm_backward(dout, cache):
"""Computes the backward pass for spatial batch normalization.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- cache: Values from the forward pass
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to inputs, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- dgamma: Gradient with respect to scale parameter, of shape (C,)
- dbeta: Gradient with respect to shift parameter, of shape (C,)
"""
dx, dgamma, dbeta = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for spatial batch normalization. #
# #
# HINT: You can implement spatial batch normalization by calling the #
# vanilla version of batch normalization you implemented above. #
# Your implementation should be very short; ours is less than five lines. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
N,C,H,W=dout.shape
dout_trans = dout.transpose(0,2,3,1).reshape(N*H*W,C)
dx,dgamma,dbeta = batchnorm_backward_alt(dout_trans,cache)
dx = dx.reshape(N,H,W,C).transpose(0,3,1,2)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dgamma, dbeta
def spatial_groupnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, G, gn_param):
"""Computes the forward pass for spatial group normalization.
In contrast to layer normalization, group normalization splits each entry in the data into G
contiguous pieces, which it then normalizes independently. Per-feature shifting and scaling
are then applied to the data, in a manner identical to that of batch normalization and layer
normalization.
Inputs:
- x: Input data of shape (N, C, H, W)
- gamma: Scale parameter, of shape (1, C, 1, 1)
- beta: Shift parameter, of shape (1, C, 1, 1)
- G: Integer mumber of groups to split into, should be a divisor of C
- gn_param: Dictionary with the following keys:
- eps: Constant for numeric stability
Returns a tuple of:
- out: Output data, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- cache: Values needed for the backward pass
"""
out, cache = None, None
eps = gn_param.get("eps", 1e-5)
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the forward pass for spatial group normalization. #
# This will be extremely similar to the layer norm implementation. #
# In particular, think about how you could transform the matrix so that #
# the bulk of the code is similar to both train-time batch normalization #
# and layer normalization! #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
N,C,H,W = x.shape
x_trans = x.reshape(N,G,C//G,H,W)
#G个通道为一组，有C//G个组
mean = np.mean(x_trans,axis=(2,3,4),keepdims = True)
#axis=(2,3,4)在第2、3、4轴上进行求平均值，得到（N,G，）形状的结果
#每个数据的每组的Mean var std
var = np.var(x_trans,axis=(2,3,4),keepdims = True)+eps
std = np.sqrt(var)
x_norm = (x_trans - mean) / std
x_norm = x_norm.reshape(x.shape)
out = x_norm * gamma + beta
cache = (x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std,G)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return out, cache
def spatial_groupnorm_backward(dout, cache):
"""Computes the backward pass for spatial group normalization.
Inputs:
- dout: Upstream derivatives, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- cache: Values from the forward pass
Returns a tuple of:
- dx: Gradient with respect to inputs, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- dgamma: Gradient with respect to scale parameter, of shape (1, C, 1, 1)
- dbeta: Gradient with respect to shift parameter, of shape (1, C, 1, 1)
"""
dx, dgamma, dbeta = None, None, None
###########################################################################
# TODO: Implement the backward pass for spatial group normalization. #
# This will be extremely similar to the layer norm implementation. #
###########################################################################
# *****START OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
x,x_norm,gamma,mean,var,std,G = cache
N,C,H,W = x.shape
dgamma = np.sum(dout * x_norm,axis =(0,2,3))[None,:,None,None]
#axis=(0,2,3) 表示在第 0、2、3 个轴上进行求和，得到形状为 (C,) 的数组。[None,:,None,None] 表示在第 0 个轴和第 2、3 个轴上插入新的维度，得到形状为 (1, C, 1, 1) 的数组，这是为了与 gamma 的形状保持一致。dgamma 的形状与 gamma 相同，为 (C,)，表示每个通道上的 gamma 参数的梯度。
dbeta = np.sum(dout,axis = (0,2,3))[None,:,None,None]
x_trans = x.reshape(N,G,C//G,H,W)
M = C // G * H * W
dfdu = (dout * gamma).reshape(N, G, C//G, H, W)
dfdv = np.sum(dfdu * (x_trans - mean) * -0.5 * var ** -1.5, axis = (2,3,4))
dfdw = np.sum(dfdu * -1 / std, axis = (2,3,4)) + dfdv * np.sum(-2/N * (x_trans - mean), axis = (2,3,4))
dx = dfdu / std + dfdv.reshape(N, G, 1, 1, 1) * 2/M * (x_trans - mean) + dfdw.reshape(N, G, 1, 1, 1) / M
dx = dx.reshape(x.shape)
# *****END OF YOUR CODE (DO NOT DELETE/MODIFY THIS LINE)*****
###########################################################################
# END OF YOUR CODE #
###########################################################################
return dx, dgamma, dbeta
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