Ubuntu 下如何测试 USB 摄像头支持的分辨率、压缩格式,并使用 OpenCV 按正确的格式读取出来?

介绍

本篇博客介绍了如何使用v4l-utils工具来查看所购买的USB摄像头支持的分辨率等信息,并使用一个短小的 opencv 脚本将图像读取出来。

测试 USB 摄像头支持的分辨率和压缩格式

  1. 需要的工具:apt install v4l-utils
  2. 查找已经连接的USB设备名称:ls /dev/video*
  3. 查看对应相机支持的型号与格式:命令行输入 v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video2 --list-formats-ext
    得到如下输出结果:
ioctl: VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT
	Type: Video Capture

	[0]: 'MJPG' (Motion-JPEG, compressed)
		Size: Discrete 1920x1080
			Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 2048x1536
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 1600x1200
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 1280x1024
			Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 1280x720
			Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 800x600
			Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 640x480
			Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
	[1]: 'YUYV' (YUYV 4:2:2)
		Size: Discrete 1920x1080
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 2048x1536
			Interval: Discrete 0.333s (3.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 1600x1200
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 1280x1024
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 1280x720
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 800x600
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
		Size: Discrete 640x480
			Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
			Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)

  1. 输出结果的解读:示例相机支持 MJPGYUYV 两种传输格式,每种格式支持多种不同的分辨率,每种分辨率对应相应的连续读取帧率

使用 OpenCV 按正确的格式读取图像(以python3为例)

由于通常MJPG格式才能满足实时性的要求,且图像损失也并不严重,此处介绍MJPG的配置方法。

  1. 需要的工具:apt install python3-opencv
  2. 需要对cv2.VideoCapture实例进行额外的参数配置,示例代码如下:
# In file `cv_viewer.py`
import cv2
import sys
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("device", type=str, nargs='?', default='/dev/video0')
parser.add_argument("width",  type=int, nargs='?', default=1920)
parser.add_argument("height", type=int, nargs='?', default=1080)
parser.add_argument("fps",    type=int, nargs='?', default=30)
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args)

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(f"v4l2src device={args.device} do-timestamp=true ! image/jpeg, width={args.width}, height={args.height}, framerate={args.fps}/1 ! jpegdec ! videoconvert ! appsink")
if not cap.isOpened():
    cap = cv2.VideoCapture(args.device)
    cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, args.width)
    cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, args.height)
    cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FOURCC, cv2.VideoWriter__fourcc(*"MJPG"))
    cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS, args.fps)

ok, img = cap.read()

assert ok, "Camera Open Failed"

print("Actual img shape is ", img.shape)

while ok:
    cv2.imshow("img", img)
    if 27 == cv2.waitKey(1): break # Press `Esc` to exit.
    ok, img = cap.read()

  1. 调用时按顺序传入设备路径、宽、长、帧率即可,注意这些数值都应与v4l2-ctl 提示的备选值一致。例:python3 cv_viewer.py /dev/video2 1920 1080 30注意请使用设备名而不是数字作为相机代号。

参考资料

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