c++基本操作

自定义命名空间

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
namespace sss {
	int g_a = 10;
}
int main(void)
{
	
	using namespace sss;
	cout << g_a << endl;

}
命名空间的嵌套

```cpp

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
namespace sss {
	int g_a = 10;
}
namespace a {
	int aa = 20;
	namespace b {
		struct  teacher
		{
			int id;
			char name[64];

		};
	}
}
int main(void)
{
	using namespace sss;
	cout << g_a << endl;
	using namespace a::b;
	struct teacher t1;
	t1.id = 10;
	return 0;
}

结构体

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct student {
	int id;
	char name[64];
};
void test()
{
	struct student s1;
	s1.id = 20;
}
int main()
{
	test();
}

关于const

const int * c；//修饰变量
c是一个指向常整形数的指针，所指向的内存数据不能改变，但指针本身可以修改
（ 这个***修饰的是const int )

int *const d; //修饰指针
常指针（指针变量不能修改，但它所指向的内存空间可以被修改）

const int * const e;
两者都不可修改



a是常量
const int a =10;//编译阶段
无地址

#define A 10 预处理阶段
int p=[int]**&a
*p=20
对常量取地址，编译器会临时开辟一个空间temp,让这个指针存放这个临时空间的地址
*p=20 改变的不是a,改变的是临时开辟的变量，与a无关。

引用

引用一经声明，不可改变。

此种为错误，引用一定要初始化。
int &re3=re

// h_mingcheng.cpp: 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void change(int *p)
{
	*p = 100;

}
void change2(int &r)//r为a的别名
{
	r = 1000;
}
int main()
{
	int a = 20;
	int b = 30;
	int *p = &a;
	*p = 30;
	p = &b;
	*p = 20;
	int &re = a;
	re = 50;
	re = b;
	re = 50;
	cout << "a=" << a << endl;
	cout << "b=" << b << endl;
	int &re2 = b;
	re2 = a;
	int re3 = re;
	re3 = 1000;
	cout << "re3" << re3 << endl;
	cout << "re" << re << endl;
	cout << "a" << a <<endl;
	change(&a);
	cout << "a=" << a << endl;
	change2(a);
	cout << "change2 a=" << a << endl;


}

参数为结构体

// h_mingcheng.cpp: 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct student {
	int id;
	char name[64];
};
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
	int temp;
	temp = *a;
	*a = *b;
	*b = temp;
}
void my_swap(int &a, int &b)
{
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}
void printdd(struct student *s)
{
	cout << s->id << s->name << endl;
}
int main()
{
	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	my_swap(a, b);
	cout << "a=" << a << endl;
	cout << "b=" << b << endl;

	student s1 = { 10,'sss' };
	printdd(&s1);
	return 0;

}
	

引用的本质

引用所占的大小与指针相同
常量要初始化，引用也要初始化
int *const p = &a;
引用可能是一个常指针

引用作为函数返回值

// h_mingcheng.cpp: 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
char * getmem(int num)
{
	char *p = NULL;
	p = (char*)malloc(num);
	return p;
}
int getum1(char **pp, int num)
{
	char *p = NULL;
	p = (char*)malloc(num);
	*pp = p;
	return 0;

}
int getA1()
{
	int a = 10;
	return a;
}
int getA2(int *a)
{
	//int a = 10;
	*a = 10;
	return 0;
}
//引用作为返回值，不要返回局部变量的引用
int& getA3()//返回引用类型
{
	int a = 10;
	return a;
}//int &temp=a
int &getA4()
{
	static int a = 10;
	return a;
}
int main()
{
	int a = 0;
	char *pp = NULL;
	a = getA1();
	pp = getmem(10);
	cout << "bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb" << endl;
	int main_a = 0;
	main_a = getA3();//main_a=temp
	cout << "main_a" << main_a << endl;
	cout << "bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb" << endl;


	int &main_a_re = getA3();//*(getA3（）)   *temp//避免    getA3返回的就是局部变量a的引用，就是返回a本身，temp就是引用类型，
	//main_a_re就是a了
	cout << "main_a_re" << main_a_re << endl;
	cout << "main_a_re" << main_a_re << endl;

	int &main_b = getA4();//此时main_b成为a的别名
	cout << "main_b" << main_b << endl;
	getA4() = 1000;//因为getA4返回的是别名，就是返回static int a，就可以当左值了
	return 0;
}
	

指针引用

// h_mingcheng.cpp: 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct teacher
{
	int id;
	char name[64];
};

int get_mem(struct teacher** tpp)
{
	struct teacher *tp = NULL;
	tp = (struct teacher*)malloc(sizeof(struct teacher));
	if (tp == NULL)
	{
		return -1;
	}
	tp->id = 100;
	strcpy_s(tp->name,"fff");
	*tpp = tp;
	return 0;
}
void free_teacher(struct teacher **tpp)
{
	if (tpp == NULL)
		return;
	struct teacher *tp = *tpp;
	if (tp != NULL)
	{
		free(tp);
		*tpp = NULL;

	}
}
void free_mem2(struct teacher * &tp)
{
	if (tp != NULL)
	{
		free(tp);
		tp = NULL;
	}
}
int get_mem2(struct teacher* &tp)//int &tp
{
	tp = (struct teacher *)malloc(sizeof(struct teacher));
	if (tp == NULL)
	{
		return -1;
	}
	tp->id = 300;
	strcpy_s(tp->name, "kkkk");
	return 0;
}
int main()
{
	struct teacher *tp = NULL;
	get_mem(&tp);
	cout << "id" << tp->id << "  " << tp->name << endl;
	free_teacher(&tp);
	get_mem2(tp);

	cout << "id" << tp->id << "  " << tp->name << endl;
}