2020-10-21

task02 索引

副本和视图

⭐在numpy中，所有赋值运算（eg.=）不会为数组和数组中的任何元素创建副本**！！！**要用numpy.ndarray.copy()函数才能创建一个副本。

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = x
y[0] = -1
print(x)
# [-1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8]
print(y)
# [-1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8]

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = x.copy()
y[0] = -1
print(x)
# [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
print(y)
# [-1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8]

⭐数组切片操作返回的对象只是原数组的视图

import numpy as np

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = x
y[::2, :3:2] = -1   # 类似arange函数，[start:stop:step]
print(x)
# [[-1 12 -1 14 15]
#  [16 17 18 19 20]
#  [-1 22 -1 24 25]
#  [26 27 28 29 30]
#  [-1 32 -1 34 35]]
print(y)
# [[-1 12 -1 14 15]
#  [16 17 18 19 20]
#  [-1 22 -1 24 25]
#  [26 27 28 29 30]
#  [-1 32 -1 34 35]]

索引与切片

整数索引

可以形成新的数组

x[2]
x[2,1]
x[2][1]

切片索引

python的列表（list）进行切片操作得到的数组是原数组的副本，但是！！！对于numpy数据进行切片操作得到的数组则是指向相同缓冲区的视图！

切片语法：x[start:stop:step]

-n表示倒数第n，...表示全部，即与原数组的维度相同；step=-1可以表示倒序排列

dots索引

假设x是五维数组

• x[1,2,...] 等于 x[1,2,:,:,:]
• x[...,3] 等于 x[:,:,:,:,3]
• x[4,...,5,:] 等于 x[4,:,:,5,:]

整数数组索引

方括号内传入多个索引值，可以同时选择多个元素。对于多维数组，若只有一个索引值，则取行优先。

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
r = [0, 1, 2]
print(x[r])
# [1 2 3]

r = [0, 1, -1]
print(x[r])
# [1 2 8]

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])

r = [0, 1, 2]
print(x[r])
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
#  [16 17 18 19 20]
#  [21 22 23 24 25]]

r = [0, 1, -1]
print(x[r])

# [[11 12 13 14 15]
#  [16 17 18 19 20]
#  [31 32 33 34 35]]

r = [0, 1, 2]
c = [2, 3, 4]
y = x[r, c]
print(y)
# [13 19 25]

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
r = np.array([[0, 1], [3, 4]])
print(x[r])
# [[1 2]
#  [4 5]]

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])

r = np.array([[0, 1], [3, 4]])
print(x[r])
# [[[11 12 13 14 15]
#   [16 17 18 19 20]]
#
#  [[26 27 28 29 30]
#   [31 32 33 34 35]]]

# 获取了 5X5 数组中的四个角的元素。
# 行索引是 [0,0] 和 [4,4]，而列索引是 [0,4] 和 [0,4]。
r = np.array([[0, 0], [4, 4]])
c = np.array([[0, 4], [0, 4]])
y = x[r, c]
print(y)
# [[11 15]
#  [31 35]]

import numpy as np

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])

y = x[0:3, [1, 2, 2]]
print(y)
# [[12 13 13]
#  [17 18 18]
#  [22 23 23]]

numpy.take(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode="raise")沿着坐标轴提取元素

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
r = [0, 1, 2]
print(np.take(x, r))
# [1 2 3]

r = [0, 1, -1]
print(np.take(x, r))
# [1 2 8]

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])

r = [0, 1, 2]
print(np.take(x, r, axis=0))
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
#  [16 17 18 19 20]
#  [21 22 23 24 25]]

r = [0, 1, -1]
print(np.take(x, r, axis=0))
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
#  [16 17 18 19 20]
#  [31 32 33 34 35]]

r = [0, 1, 2]
c = [2, 3, 4]
y = np.take(x, [r, c])
print(y)
# [[11 12 13]
#  [13 14 15]]

⭐注意：使用切片索引到numpy数组时，生成的数组视图将始终是原始数组的子数组, 但是！整数数组索引，不是其子数组，是形成新的数组。

布尔索引

常用于条件搜索

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = x > 5
print(y)
# [False False False False False  True  True  True]
print(x[x > 5])
# [6 7 8]

x = np.array([np.nan, 1, 2, np.nan, 3, 4, 5])
y = np.logical_not(np.isnan(x))
print(x[y])
# [1. 2. 3. 4. 5.]

数组迭代

apply_along_axis(funcld, axis, arr)类似R里面的apply，Apply a function to 1-D slices along the given axis。

import numpy as np

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])

y = np.apply_along_axis(np.sum, 0, x)
print(y)  # [105 110 115 120 125]
y = np.apply_along_axis(np.sum, 1, x)
print(y)  # [ 65  90 115 140 165]

y = np.apply_along_axis(np.mean, 0, x)
print(y)  # [21. 22. 23. 24. 25.]
y = np.apply_along_axis(np.mean, 1, x)
print(y)  # [13. 18. 23. 28. 33.]


def my_func(x):
    return (x[0] + x[-1]) * 0.5


y = np.apply_along_axis(my_func, 0, x)
print(y)  # [21. 22. 23. 24. 25.]
y = np.apply_along_axis(my_func, 1, x)
print(y)  # [13. 18. 23. 28. 33.]