task02 索引
副本和视图
⭐在numpy中,所有赋值运算(eg.=)不会为数组和数组中的任何元素创建副本**!!!**要用numpy.ndarray.copy()
函数才能创建一个副本。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = x
y[0] = -1
print(x)
# [-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
print(y)
# [-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = x.copy()
y[0] = -1
print(x)
# [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
print(y)
# [-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
⭐数组切片操作返回的对象只是原数组的视图
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = x
y[::2, :3:2] = -1 # 类似arange函数,[start:stop:step]
print(x)
# [[-1 12 -1 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]
# [-1 22 -1 24 25]
# [26 27 28 29 30]
# [-1 32 -1 34 35]]
print(y)
# [[-1 12 -1 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]
# [-1 22 -1 24 25]
# [26 27 28 29 30]
# [-1 32 -1 34 35]]
索引与切片
整数索引
可以形成新的数组
x[2]
x[2,1]
x[2][1]
切片索引
python的列表(list)进行切片操作得到的数组是原数组的副本,但是!!!对于numpy数据进行切片操作得到的数组则是指向相同缓冲区的视图!
切片语法:x[start:stop:step]
-n
表示倒数第n,...
表示全部,即与原数组的维度相同;step=-1
可以表示倒序排列
dots索引
假设x是五维数组
x[1,2,...]
等于x[1,2,:,:,:]
x[...,3]
等于x[:,:,:,:,3]
x[4,...,5,:]
等于x[4,:,:,5,:]
整数数组索引
方括号内传入多个索引值,可以同时选择多个元素。对于多维数组,若只有一个索引值,则取行优先。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
r = [0, 1, 2]
print(x[r])
# [1 2 3]
r = [0, 1, -1]
print(x[r])
# [1 2 8]
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
r = [0, 1, 2]
print(x[r])
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]
# [21 22 23 24 25]]
r = [0, 1, -1]
print(x[r])
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]
# [31 32 33 34 35]]
r = [0, 1, 2]
c = [2, 3, 4]
y = x[r, c]
print(y)
# [13 19 25]
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
r = np.array([[0, 1], [3, 4]])
print(x[r])
# [[1 2]
# [4 5]]
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
r = np.array([[0, 1], [3, 4]])
print(x[r])
# [[[11 12 13 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]]
#
# [[26 27 28 29 30]
# [31 32 33 34 35]]]
# 获取了 5X5 数组中的四个角的元素。
# 行索引是 [0,0] 和 [4,4],而列索引是 [0,4] 和 [0,4]。
r = np.array([[0, 0], [4, 4]])
c = np.array([[0, 4], [0, 4]])
y = x[r, c]
print(y)
# [[11 15]
# [31 35]]
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = x[0:3, [1, 2, 2]]
print(y)
# [[12 13 13]
# [17 18 18]
# [22 23 23]]
numpy.take(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode="raise")
沿着坐标轴提取元素
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
r = [0, 1, 2]
print(np.take(x, r))
# [1 2 3]
r = [0, 1, -1]
print(np.take(x, r))
# [1 2 8]
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
r = [0, 1, 2]
print(np.take(x, r, axis=0))
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]
# [21 22 23 24 25]]
r = [0, 1, -1]
print(np.take(x, r, axis=0))
# [[11 12 13 14 15]
# [16 17 18 19 20]
# [31 32 33 34 35]]
r = [0, 1, 2]
c = [2, 3, 4]
y = np.take(x, [r, c])
print(y)
# [[11 12 13]
# [13 14 15]]
⭐注意:使用切片索引到numpy数组时,生成的数组视图将始终是原始数组的子数组, 但是!整数数组索引,不是其子数组,是形成新的数组。
布尔索引
常用于条件搜索
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = x > 5
print(y)
# [False False False False False True True True]
print(x[x > 5])
# [6 7 8]
x = np.array([np.nan, 1, 2, np.nan, 3, 4, 5])
y = np.logical_not(np.isnan(x))
print(x[y])
# [1. 2. 3. 4. 5.]
数组迭代
apply_along_axis(funcld, axis, arr)
类似R里面的apply,Apply a function to 1-D slices along the given axis。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = np.apply_along_axis(np.sum, 0, x)
print(y) # [105 110 115 120 125]
y = np.apply_along_axis(np.sum, 1, x)
print(y) # [ 65 90 115 140 165]
y = np.apply_along_axis(np.mean, 0, x)
print(y) # [21. 22. 23. 24. 25.]
y = np.apply_along_axis(np.mean, 1, x)
print(y) # [13. 18. 23. 28. 33.]
def my_func(x):
return (x[0] + x[-1]) * 0.5
y = np.apply_along_axis(my_func, 0, x)
print(y) # [21. 22. 23. 24. 25.]
y = np.apply_along_axis(my_func, 1, x)
print(y) # [13. 18. 23. 28. 33.]