Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being
自我决定理论：促进内在动机、社会发展和幸福感
人生的意义和追求是什么？ 你沉默了，接着告诉我一个故事。
不言而喻，人生活在故事和意义编制的网中。谈到声望和利益，我们变得更加小心，目光如炬地权衡着利弊关系。是不是这样更能使我们幸福呢？我们来看一篇发表于2000年google学术引用达三万多次的心理学文章。
如果个体所处的社会背景能够满足基本的心理需求（自主性、胜任感和归属感），它们就会得到积极、同化和综合性质的发展格局。另一方面，过度控制，非最佳挑战和缺乏归属会破坏自然赋予的固有的实现和组织倾向，因此这些因素不仅导致主动性和责任感的缺失，还会导致痛苦和精神疾病。
原文信息
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
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摘要
Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs-competence, autonomy, and relatedness-which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy.
人类可能主动或被动，负责或懒惰，主要是作为他们发展和运作的社会条件的功能决定的。因此，以自我决定理论为指导的研究关注的是社会环境条件，这些条件促进了自我动机和健康心理发展的自然过程。具体而言，已经研究的这些因素可以增强而不是破坏内在动机、自我调节和幸福感。这些研究发现了三种先天的心理需求的假设 ：胜任感，自主性和归属感（当满足这些条件时，将增强自我动机和心理健康），当这些条件削弱时，将导致动机和幸福感削弱。本研究还考虑了这些心理需求和过程在医疗康复、教育、工作、体育、宗教和心理治疗等领域的重要性。
引言
the fullest representations of humanity show people to be curious, vital, and self-motivated. At their best, they are agentic and inspired, striving to learn; extend themselves; master new skills; and apply their talents responsibly. That most people show considerable effort, agency, and commitment in their lives appears, in fact, to be more normative than exceptional, suggesting some very positive and persistent features of human nature.
人类本质上是充满好奇（求知欲），积极和自我动机。在最好的状态下，他们富于灵感，努力学习;提升自己;掌握新技能;并可信赖的施展才能。事实上，大多数人在他们的生活中表现出相当大的努力，代理和承诺，似乎更具规范性而不是特殊性，这表明人性的一些非常积极和持久的特征。
Yet, it is also clear that the human spirit can be diminished or crushed and that individuals sometimes reject growth and responsibility. Regardless of social strata or cultural origin, examples of both children and adults who are apathetic, alienated, and irresponsible are abundant. Such non-optimal human functioning can be observed not only in our psychological clinics but also among the millions who, for hours a day, sit passively before their televisions, stare blankly from the back of their classrooms, or wait listlessly for the weekend as they go about their jobs. The persistent, proactive, and positive tendencies of human nature are clearly not invariantly apparent.
然而，同样清楚的是，人的志气可能会被削弱或压垮，个人有时会拒绝成长和责任。无论社会阶层或文化起源如何，对无动于衷，疏远和不负责任的儿童和成年人的例子都很多。这种非最佳的人类状态不仅可以在我们的心理诊所中观察到，而且可以在数百万人中被观察到，他们每天数小时被动地坐在电视机前，从教室后面茫然地盯着，或者当他们着手工作时，无休止地等待周末。人性的坚持，积极和积极的倾向显然不是一成不变的。
The fact that human nature, phenotypically expressed, can be either active or passive, constructive or indolent, suggests more than mere dispositional differences and is a function of more than just biological endowments. It also bespeaks a wide range of reactions to social environments that is worthy of our most intense scientific investigation.Specifically, social contexts catalyze both within-and between-person differences in motivation and personal growth, resulting in people being more self-motivated, energized, and integrated in some situations, domains, andcultures than in others. Research on the conditions that foster versus undermine positive human potentials has both theoretical import and practical significance because it can contribute not only to formal knowledge of the causes ofhuman behavior but also to the design of social environments that optimize people's development, performance, and well-being. Research guided by self-determination theory (SDT) has had an ongoing concern with precisely these issues(Deci & Ryan,1985,1991; Ryan,1995).
人类自然属性可以是主动的或被动的，建设性的或懒惰的，这不仅仅表明了性格差异，而且不仅仅是生物禀赋。它也表明了对社会环境的广泛反应，这些反应值得我们进行最激烈的科学研究。具体而言，社会背景促进了动机和个人成长的内部和人际差异，导致人们更加自我动机，充满活力，并在某些情况，领域和文化中融入，而不是在其他情况下。研究培养与破坏积极人类潜能的条件具有理论上的重要性和实际意义，因为它不仅有助于正式了解人类行为的原因，而且还有助于优化人们的发展，表现和良好的社会环境的设计。存在。由自我决定理论（self-determination theory，SDT）指导的研究一直关注这些问题（Deci＆Ryan，1985,1991; Ryan，1995）。
Self-Determination Theory
自我决定理论
SDT is an approach to human motivation and personality that uses traditional empirical methods while employing an organismic metatheory that highlights the importance of humans' evolved inner resources for personality development and behavioral self-regulation(Ryan, Kuhl,& Deci,1997). Thus, its arena is the investigation of people's inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs that are the basis for their self-motivation and personality integration, as well as for the conditions that foster those positive processes. Inductively, using the empirical process, we have identified three such needs-the needs for competence (Harter,1978; White,1963), relatedness(Baumeister & Leary,1995; Reis,1994), and autonomy(deCharms,1968; Deci,1975)-that appear to be essential for facilitating optimal functioning of the natural propensities for growth and integration, as well as for constructive social development and personal well-being.
自我决定理论是一种人类动机和人格的方式，它采用传统的经验方法，同时采用生物元理论，突出了人类进化的内在才智对人格发展和行为自我调节的重要性（Ryan，Kuhl，＆Deci，1997） 。因此，它的领域是调查人们固有的成长趋势和天生的心理需求，这是他们自我动机和个性融合的基础，也是培养这些积极过程的条件。归纳地，使用经验过程，我们已经确定了三个这样的需求 - 胜任感（Harter，1978; White，1963），归属感（Baumeister＆Leary，1995; Reis，1994）和自主性（deCharms，1968; Deci， 1975） - 这似乎对促进增长和融合的自然倾向以及建设性社会发展和个人福祉的最佳运作至关重要。
Much of the research guided by SDT has also examined environmental factors that hinder or undermine self-motivation, social functioning, and personal well-being.Although many specific deleterious effects have been explored, the research suggests that these detriments can be most parsimoniously described in terms of thwarting the three basic psychological needs. Thus, SDT is concerned not only with the specific nature of positive developmental tendencies, but it also examines social environments that are antagonistic toward these tendencies.
SDT指导的大部分研究还研究了阻碍或破坏自我动机，社会功能和个人幸福的环境因素。虽然已经探索了许多特定的有害影响，但研究表明这些不利因素可以用以下方式描述。挫败了三个基本的心理需求。因此，SDT不仅关注积极发展趋势的特定性质，还关注与这些趋势相对立的社会环境。
The empirical methods used in much of the SDT research have been in the Baconian tradition, in that social contextual variables have been directly manipulated to examine their effects on both internal processes and behavioral manifestations. The use of experimental paradigms has allowed us to specify the conditions under which people's natural activity and constructiveness will flourish, as well as those that promote a lack of self-motivation andsocial integration. In this way, we have used experimental methods without accepting the mechanistic or efficient causal meta-theories that have typically been associated with those methods.
许多SDT研究中使用的经验方法一直是培根传统（归纳推理），因为社会语境变量已被直接操纵以检验它们对内部过程和行为表现的影响。实验范式的使用使我们能够指定人们的自然活动和建设性将蓬勃发展的条件，以及那些促进缺乏自我激励和社会融合的条件。通过这种方式，我们使用实验方法而不接受通常与这些方法相关的机械或有效因果元理论。
In this article we review work guided by SDT, addressing its implications for three important outcomes. We begin with an examination of intrinsic motivation, the prototypic manifestation of the human tendency toward learning and creativity, and we consider research specifying conditions that facilitate versus forestall this special type of motivation. Second, we present an analysis of self-regulation, which concerns how people take in social values and extrinsic contingencies and progressively transform them into personal values and self-motivations. In that discussion, we outline different forms of internalized motivation, addressing their behavioral and experiential correlates and the conditions that are likely to promote these different motivations. Third, we focus on studies that have directly examined the impact of psychological need fulfillment on health and well-being.
在本文中，我们将回顾SDT指导的工作，解决其对三个重要成果的影响。我们首先考察内在动机，人类学习和创造倾向的原型表现，并且我们考虑研究指定促进这种特殊类型动机的条件。其次，我们提出了一种自我调节的分析，它涉及人们如何接受社会价值观和外在突发事件，并逐步将其转化为个人价值观和自我激励。在该讨论中，我们概述了不同形式的内化动机，解决了他们的行为和经验相关性以及可能促进这些不同动机的条件。第三，我们专注于直接研究心理需求实现对健康和幸福的影响的研究。
The Nature of Motivation
动机的本质
Motivation concerns energy, direction, persistence and equifinality all aspects of activation and intention. Motivation has been a central and perennial issue in the field of psychology, for it is at the core of biological, cognitive, and social regulation. Perhaps more important, in the real world, motivation is highly valued because of its consequences: Motivation produces. It is therefore of preeminent concern to those in roles such as manager, teacher, reli-gious leader, coach, health care provider, and parent that involve mobilizing others to act.
动机关注激活和意图的所有方面的激起、趋势、持久性和等效性。动机一直是心理学领域的核心和长期问题，因为它是生物学，认知科学和社会规范的核心。也许更重要的是，在现实世界中，动机因其后果而受到高度重视：动机产生。因此，对于那些扮演经理，教师，宗教领袖，教练，医疗保健提供者和家长等参与动员他人行动的人来说，这是一个极为关注的问题。
Although motivation is often treated as a singular construct, even superficial reflection suggests that people are moved to act by very different types of factors, with highly varied experiences and consequences. People can be motivated because they value an activity or because there is strong external coercion. They can be urged into action by an abiding interest or by a bribe. They can behave from a sense of personal commitment to excel or from fear of being surveilled. These contrasts between cases of having internal motivation versus being externally pressured are surely familiar to everyone. The issue of whether people stand behind a behavior out of their interests and values, or do it for reasons external to the self, is a matter of significance in every culture(e.g., Johnson,1993) and represents a basic dimension by which people make sense of their own and others' behavior(deCharms,1968; Heider,1958; Ryan& Connell,1989).
尽管动机通常被视为一种单一的结构，但即使是肤浅的反思也表明人们会被不同类型的因素所驱动，其经历和后果各不相同。人们可能因为他们重视某项活动或因为有强烈的外部强制而受到激励。他们可能通过持久的利益或贿赂来促使他们采取行动。他们可能表现出个人对卓越的承诺感或害怕受到监视。每个人都必须熟悉内部动机与外部压力之间的这些对比。人们是出于内在兴趣和价值观的行为，还是出于外在的原因，这个问题在每一种文化中都具有重要意义（例如Johnson，1993），并且代表了人们思考他们自己和他人行为的感觉的基本维度。（deCharms，1968; Heider，1958; Ryan＆Connell，1989）。
Comparisons between people whose motivation is authentic(literally, self-authored or endorsed) and those who are merely externally controlled for an action typically reveal that the former, relative to the latter, have more interest, excitement, and confidence, which in turn is manifest both as enhanced performance, persistence, and creativity (Deci & Ryan,1991; Sheldon, Ryan, Rawsthorne,&Ilardi,1997) and as heightened vitality(Nix, Ryan, Manly,& Deci,1999), self-esteem(Deci & Ryan,1995), and general well-being(Ryan, Deci,& Grolnick,1995). This is so even when the people have the same level of perceived competence or self-efficacy for the activity.
真实动机（内在动机？）（字面意思，自我创作或认可的）的人和仅仅是外部控制行动的人之间的比较通常表明，前者相对于后者，具有更多的兴趣，兴奋和信心，这反过来又是表现为提升的表现，毅力和创造力（Deci＆Ryan，1991; Sheldon，Ryan，Rawsthorne，＆Ilardi，1997）和高度活力（Nix，Ryan，Manly，＆Deci，1999），自尊（Deci＆ Ryan，1995）和普遍意义的幸福（Ryan，Deci，＆Grolnick，1995）。甚至人们对活动具有相同水平的胜任感或自我效能，情况也是如
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