ggplot设定颜色

来源：http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/ggplot2-colors-how-to-change-colors-automatically-and-manually

The goal of this article is to describe how to change the color of a graph generated using R software and ggplot2 package. A color can be specified either by name (e.g.: “red”) or by hexadecimal code (e.g. : “#FF1234”). The different color systems available in R are described at this link : colors in R.

In this R tutorial, you will learn how to :

change colors by groups (automatically and manually)
use RColorBrewer and Wes Anderson color palettes
use gradient colors
ggplot2 color, graph, R software

Simple plots
library(ggplot2)

Box plot

ggplot(ToothGrowth, aes(x=dose, y=len)) +geom_boxplot()

scatter plot

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg)) + geom_point()
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Use a single color

box plot

ggplot(ToothGrowth, aes(x=dose, y=len)) +
geom_boxplot(fill=’#A4A4A4’, color=“darkred”)

scatter plot

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg)) +
geom_point(color=‘darkblue’)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Change colors by groups
Default colors
The following R code changes the color of the graph by the levels of dose :

Box plot

bp<-ggplot(ToothGrowth, aes(x=dose, y=len, fill=dose)) +
geom_boxplot()
bp

Scatter plot

sp<-ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=cyl)) + geom_point()
sp
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

The lightness (l) and the chroma (c, intensity of color) of the default (hue) colors can be modified using the functions scale_hue as follow :

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_hue(l=40, c=35)

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_hue(l=40, c=35)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the default values for l and c are : l = 65, c = 100.

Change colors manually
A custom color palettes can be specified using the functions :

scale_fill_manual() for box plot, bar plot, violin plot, etc
scale_color_manual() for lines and points

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_manual(values=c("#999999", “#E69F00”, “#56B4E9”))

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_manual(values=c("#999999", “#E69F00”, “#56B4E9”))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the argument breaks can be used to control the appearance of the legend. This holds true also for the other scale_xx() functions.

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_manual(breaks = c(“2”, “1”, “0.5”),
values=c(“red”, “blue”, “green”))

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_manual(breaks = c(“8”, “6”, “4”),
values=c(“red”, “blue”, “green”))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

The built-in color names and a color code chart are described here : color in R.

Use RColorBrewer palettes
The color palettes available in the RColorBrewer package are described here : color in R.

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_brewer(palette=“Dark2”)

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_brewer(palette=“Dark2”)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

The available color palettes in the RColorBrewer package are :

RColorBrewer palettes

Use Wes Anderson color palettes
Install and load the color palettes as follow :

Install

install.packages(“wesanderson”)

Load

library(wesanderson)
The available color palettes are :

wesanderson-color palettes

library(wesanderson)

Box plot

bp+scale_fill_manual(values=wes_palette(n=3, name=“GrandBudapest”))

Scatter plot

sp+scale_color_manual(values=wes_palette(n=3, name=“GrandBudapest”))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Use gray colors
The functions to use are :

scale_colour_grey() for points, lines, etc
scale_fill_grey() for box plot, bar plot, violin plot, etc

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_grey() + theme_classic()

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_grey() + theme_classic()
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Change the gray value at the low and the high ends of the palette :

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_grey(start=0.8, end=0.2) + theme_classic()

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_grey(start=0.8, end=0.2) + theme_classic()
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the default value for the arguments start and end are : start = 0.2, end = 0.8

Continuous colors
The graph can be colored according to the values of a continuous variable using the functions :

scale_color_gradient(), scale_fill_gradient() for sequential gradients between two colors
scale_color_gradient2(), scale_fill_gradient2() for diverging gradients
scale_color_gradientn(), scale_fill_gradientn() for gradient between n colors
Gradient colors for scatter plots
The graphs are colored using the qsec continuous variable :

Color by qsec values

sp2<-ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=qsec)) + geom_point()
sp2

Change the low and high colors

Sequential color scheme

sp2+scale_color_gradient(low=“blue”, high=“red”)

Diverging color scheme

mid<-mean(mtcars$qsec)
sp2+scale_color_gradient2(midpoint=mid, low=“blue”, mid=“white”,
high=“red”, space =“Lab” )
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Gradient colors for histogram plots
set.seed(1234)
x <- rnorm(200)

Histogram

hp<-qplot(x =x, fill=…count…, geom=“histogram”)
hp

Sequential color scheme

hp+scale_fill_gradient(low=“blue”, high=“red”)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the functions scale_color_continuous() and scale_fill_continuous() can be used also to set gradient colors.

Gradient between n colors

Scatter plot

Color points by the mpg variable

sp3<-ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=mpg)) + geom_point()
sp3

Gradient between n colors

sp3+scale_color_gradientn(colours = rainbow(5))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software