本章节学习 初始化参数的不同影响
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (7.0, 4.0)
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'
def load_dataset():
np.random.seed(1)
train_X, train_Y = sklearn.datasets.make_circles(n_samples=300, noise=.05)
np.random.seed(2)
test_X, test_Y = sklearn.datasets.make_circles(n_samples=100, noise=.05)
plt.scatter(train_X[:, 0], train_X[:, 1], c=train_Y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral);
train_X = train_X.T
train_Y = train_Y.reshape((1, train_Y.shape[0]))
test_X = test_X.T
test_Y = test_Y.reshape((1, test_Y.shape[0]))
return train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y
#引入数据
train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = load_dataset()
def sigmoid(x):
s = 1/(1+np.exp(-x))
return s
def relu(x):
s = np.maximum(0,x)
return s
def compute_loss(a3, Y):
m = Y.shape[1]
logprobs = np.multiply(-np.log(a3),Y) + np.multiply(-np.log(1 - a3), 1 - Y)
loss = 1./m * np.nansum(logprobs)
return loss
def forward_propagation(X, parameters):
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
W3 = parameters["W3"]
b3 = parameters["b3"]
z1 = np.dot(W1, X) + b1
a1 = relu(z1)
z2 = np.dot(W2, a1) + b2
a2 = relu(z2)
z3 = np.dot(W3, a2) + b3
a3 = sigmoid(z3)
cache = (z1, a1, W1, b1, z2, a2, W2, b2, z3, a3, W3, b3)
return a3, cache
def backward_propagation(X, Y, cache):
m = X.shape[1]
(z1, a1, W1, b1, z2, a2, W2, b2, z3, a3, W3, b3) = cache
dz3 = 1./m * (a3 - Y)
dW3 = np.dot(dz3, a2.T)
db3 = np.sum(dz3, axis=1, keepdims = True)
da2 = np.dot(W3.T, dz3)
dz2 = np.multiply(da2, np.int64(a2 > 0))
dW2 = np.dot(dz2, a1.T)
db2 = np.sum(dz2, axis=1, keepdims = True)
da1 = np.dot(W2.T, dz2)
dz1 = np.multiply(da1, np.int64(a1 > 0))
dW1 = np.dot(dz1, X.T)
db1 = np.sum(dz1, axis=1, keepdims = True)
gradients = {"dz3": dz3, "dW3": dW3, "db3": db3,
"da2": da2, "dz2": dz2, "dW2": dW2, "db2": db2,
"da1": da1, "dz1": dz1, "dW1": dW1, "db1": db1}
return gradients
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
L = len(parameters) // 2
for k in range(L):
parameters["W" + str(k+1)] = parameters["W" + str(k+1)] - learning_rate * grads["dW" + str(k+1)]
parameters["b" + str(k+1)] = parameters["b" + str(k+1)] - learning_rate * grads["db" + str(k+1)]
return parameters
def predict(X, y, parameters):
m = X.shape[1]
p = np.zeros((1,m), dtype = np.int)
a3, caches = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
for i in range(0, a3.shape[1]):
if a3[0,i] > 0.5:
p[0,i] = 1
else:
p[0,i] = 0
print("Accuracy: " + str(np.mean((p[0,:] == y[0,:]))))
return p
def plot_decision_boundary(model, X, y):
x_min, x_max = X[0, :].min() - 1, X[0, :].max() + 1
y_min, y_max = X[1, :].min() - 1, X[1, :].max() + 1
h = 0.01
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
Z = model(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.ylabel('x2')
plt.xlabel('x1')
plt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=y[0], cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.show()
def predict_dec(parameters, X):
a3, cache = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
predictions = (a3>0.5)
return predictions
def model(X, Y, learning_rate = 0.01, num_iterations = 15000, print_cost = True, initialization = "he"):
#这里定义的x横向是特征数 纵向是样本数 希望你能清晰理解这个矩阵的维度
grads = {}
costs = []
m = X.shape[1]
layers_dims = [X.shape[0], 10, 5, 1]
if initialization == "random":
parameters = initialize_parameters_random(layers_dims)
elif initialization == "he":
parameters = initialize_parameters_he(layers_dims)
for i in range(0, num_iterations):
#前向传播
a3, cache = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
#误差
cost = compute_loss(a3, Y)
#反向传播
grads = backward_propagation(X, Y, cache)
# 更新参数
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
# 打印
if print_cost and i % 1000 == 0:
print("Cost after iteration {}: {}".format(i, cost))
costs.append(cost)
# 绘制成本曲线
plt.plot(costs)
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per hundreds)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()
return parameters
#随机初始化
def initialize_parameters_random(layers_dims):
np.random.seed(3)
parameters = {}
L = len(layers_dims)
for l in range(1, L):
#使用大的初始化值会使梯度下降变慢
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layers_dims[l],layers_dims[l-1])*10
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l],1))
return parameters
用随机初始化训练模型
parameters = model(train_X, train_Y, initialization = "random")
print ("On the train set:")
predictions_train = predict(train_X, train_Y, parameters)
print ("On the test set:")
predictions_test = predict(test_X, test_Y, parameters)
plt.title("Model with large random initialization")
axes = plt.gca()
axes.set_xlim([-1.5,1.5])
axes.set_ylim([-1.5,1.5])
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict_dec(parameters, x.T), train_X, train_Y)
he 随机初始化
def initialize_parameters_he(layers_dims):
np.random.seed(3)
parameters = {}
L = len(layers_dims) - 1
for l in range(1, L + 1):
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layers_dims[l],layers_dims[l-1])*np.sqrt(2./layers_dims[l-1])
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l],1))
return parameters
#用he随机初始化训练模型
parameters = model(train_X, train_Y, initialization = "he")
print ("On the train set:")
predictions_train = predict(train_X, train_Y, parameters)
print ("On the test set:")
predictions_test = predict(test_X, test_Y, parameters)
Cost after iteration 0: 0.8830537463419761
Cost after iteration 1000: 0.6879825919728063
Cost after iteration 2000: 0.6751286264523371
Cost after iteration 3000: 0.6526117768893807
Cost after iteration 4000: 0.6082958970572938
Cost after iteration 5000: 0.5304944491717495
Cost after iteration 6000: 0.4138645817071795
Cost after iteration 7000: 0.31178034648444414
Cost after iteration 8000: 0.2369621533032257
Cost after iteration 9000: 0.18597287209206845
Cost after iteration 10000: 0.1501555628037181
Cost after iteration 11000: 0.12325079292273548
Cost after iteration 12000: 0.09917746546525937
Cost after iteration 13000: 0.08457055954024273
Cost after iteration 14000: 0.07357895962677366
plt.title("Model with He initialization")
axes = plt.gca()
axes.set_xlim([-1.5,1.5])
axes.set_ylim([-1.5,1.5])
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict_dec(parameters, x.T), train_X, train_Y)