05:极限-无穷小

1.无穷小的概念及比较

$$定义：\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }f(x)=0,则称f(x)是x=x_0时的无穷小$$

性质	Value
①	有限个无穷小相加还是无穷小
②	有界变量乘以无穷小还是无穷小
导管	$1

有界函数：

有界	类型
①	sin△及其反函数
②	cos△及其反函数
③	arctan△
③	arccot△

例1： $$求\underset{n\to x_0}{\lim }x\cdot sin\frac{1}{x}极限$$
$$解：\because sin\frac{1}{x}为有界函数，有界\cdot 0=0,\therefore \underset{n\to x_0}{\lim }x\cdot sin\frac{1}{x}=0$$

1.2无穷小的阶的比较

x->x0时，α(x)->0, β(x)->0

$$\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{\alpha (x)}{\beta (x)}=\{\begin{array}{ll}0& \alpha (x)是\beta (x)的高阶无穷小，记作：\alpha (x)=o\beta (x)\\ 1& \alpha (x)是\beta (x)的等价无穷小，记作：\alpha (x)\backsim \beta (x)\\ A(A\ne 0)& \alpha (x)是\beta (x)的同阶无穷小\\ \infty ,& \text{α(x)是β(x)的低阶无穷小}\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}例1：& x=1,\alpha (x)=x^2-1,\beta (x)=2x^2-x-1\\ & \underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{x^2-1}{2x^2-x-1}\\ & =\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{(x-1)(x+1)}{(x-1)(2x+1)}\\ & =\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{x+1}{2x+1}\\ & =\frac{2}{3}\\ & \therefore \alpha (x)是\beta (x)的同阶无穷小\end{array}$$

1.3 等价无穷小的替换（9类）只针对$\frac{0}{0}型$

前提：$△\to 0$

项目	函数类型
①	sin△=△
②	arcsin△=△
③	tan△=△
④	arctan△=△
⑤	$e^{△}-1=△$
⑥	$\ln (1+△)=△$
⑦	1-cos△=$\frac{1}{2}{△}^2$
⑧	$a^{△}-1=△\cdot \ln a$
⑨	$(1+△{)}^a-1=a\cdot △$
⑩	$\tan △-\cos △=\frac{1}{2}{△}^3$

$$\begin{array}{rl}例1：& \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}-1}{1-cosx}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}-1}{\frac{1}{2}{x}^2}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{(1+x^2{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}-1}{\frac{1}{2}{x}^2}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{2}{x}^2}{\frac{1}{2}{x}^2}\\ & =1\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}例2：& \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\tan x-\cos x}{x^3}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\tan x\cdot (1-\cos x)}{x^3}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{2}{x}^3}{x^3}\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}例3：& \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1+\cos x}}{{\sin }^{2}x}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1+\cos x})\cdot (\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1+\cos x})}{(x^2)\cdot (\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1+\cos x})}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{2-(1+\cos x)}{x^2\cdot (\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1+\cos x})}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{1-\cos x}{x^2\cdot (\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1+\cos x})}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{2}{x}^2}{x^2\cdot (\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1+\cos x})}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1+\cos x}}\\ & =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{8}\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}例4：& \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{(\sqrt[n]{1+tanx}-1)\cdot (\sqrt{1+x}-1)}{2x\cdot \sin x}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{n}\tan x\cdot \frac{1}{2}x}{2x\cdot \sin x}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{n}x\cdot \frac{1}{2}x}{2x^2}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{2n}{x}^2}{2x^2}\\ & =\frac{1}{4n}\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}例5：& \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{e^{\tan x}-e^{\sin x}}{x^3}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{e^{\sin x}(e^{\tan x-\sin x}-1)}{x^3}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{e^{\sin x}\cdot (\tan x-\sin x)}{x^3}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{e^{\sin x}\cdot \frac{1}{2}{x}^3}{x^3}\\ & =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{1}{2}{e}^{\sin x}\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\\ 思路：& ①对于底或指数相同的，提取后一项\\ & ②e^{\tan x-\sin x}-1要联想到e^{△}-1=△\end{array}$$