英文论文中可以借鉴的好词好句

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Abstract

重要性

Biomarkers are fossil organic molecules that contain information about either the precursor organisms or the environmental conditions that generated petroleum. They become useful tools to establish stratigraphic correlations, assess the depositional environment and even check the history of the organic matter.
__ is fundamental/essential/crucial to …
__ has a pivotal/vital/critical role in …
__ is fast becoming a key instrument in …
The issue of __ has received considerable critical attention.
The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …
__ is a common condition which has considerable impact on__.
Since it was reported in ___, ___ has been attracting a lot of interest.
Recently, a considerable literature has ==grown up around the theme of == __.
Evidence suggests that __ is among the most important factors for __.
In the history of , __ has been thought of as a key factor in.

缺乏研究

___ had been a largely under explored domain.
___too little work has been devoted to ___
X and its consequences are an important, but understudied, cause for concern.
Questions have been raised about the __.

当前研究困难

One of the main obstacles/greatest challenges is ___.
A key issue/ The main disadvantage of __ is __.
The main challenge faced by many experiments is __.
Lack of __ has existed as a __ problem for many years.
__ is a major public problem, and the main cause of __.
Despite its long success, __ has a number of problems in use.

客观现象/问题/研究目标

现象 are present within 地层 of the 盆地，representing excellent oil source rocks.
For the exploration of the ___ in ___, some issues exist, such as ___.
Evaluating the terrestrial climate record provides a critical test of the roles of Chicxulub impact and Deccan Traps volcanism during the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction.
___ were characterized using ___, with emphasis on ____.
The first section of this paper will examine__.

研究内容和手段

Accordingly, in this paper/in this contribution, by observing cores and thin slices, and combining well logging, mud logging and west testing data, sedimentary facies and distribution prediction of favorable reservoirs were studied.
Most evidence came from marine records, but our new clumped isotopes data from paleosol carbonates in the Songliao Basin provide a terrestrial climate history from northern China.
An understanding of the origins of polar OSCs in crude oils has been hampered by limitations in their analytical characterization.
The results show that___. Specifically, ___. 结果1; while 结果2.
This reveals___,whereas ___ . Our study suggests that ___. In the ___, ___; this suggests that ___.
This nature/characteristic of organic matter makes them less prolific and becoming gas-prone potential.
These differences in petroleum potential mirror/reflect depositional environment changes in source rocks formation.
In this contribution, we present an integrated study performed over __ from __. Based on 技术 we provide an interpretation outline built on classic hydrocarbon biomarkers.
These outcomes allowed_. Samples were grouped based on, and further __. In addition, ___. The obtained results allowed to ___.

意义

This study can provide new geological foundation for further evaluation and development of the Baikouquan FM, and also can provide reference for hydrocarbon exploration and evaluation in adjacent areas and even other fan deltas in China.
This research sheds new light on/provides new insights intofills a gap in __
Understanding the link between X and Y will help …
The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of …
The findings should make an important contribution to the field of …
This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of …
This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring …
-This study makes a major contribution to research on X by demonstrating …

Introduction

研究背景

热点问题

___ has been an active area of exploration in recent decades.

定义名词

…refer to…
We employ terms ___ , in this study, to represent ___.

研究内容总述

Shale gas has been extensively exploited within the continental U.S.A. since the turn of the century from numerous plays, including the Barnett, Haynesville, Fayetteville, Marcellus, Antrim, Ohio, and Woodford, and exploitation elsewhere has now begun, for example in China, Australia, and Canada. The search has recently been extended to target “tight oil” reservoirs in shales of the U.S.A., Argentina, and elsewhere, where thermal maturity levels are lower than those of shale gas plays.
The development of resource plays in Europe is in its early infancy, with the Lower Carboniferous shales of northern England and the Lower Silurian shales of northern Poland being most advanced.
Renewed interest in ___ for ____ has fueled drilling activities in _____.
With continuous worldwide decline in conventional oil and gas production and increasing demand of energy resources, the unconventional oil and gas has now become a viable supplement for the conventional energy sources with a series of breakthroughs. The recent rapid development of shale gas also attracts a widespread attention on oil resources in shale formation. As the definition of shale oil changes in recent years, along with the further improvement of enrichment theory and the progress of exploration and development technology, shale oil has become the frontier of petroleum exploration and a hot research area for new oil reserve.
the characterization of the structure and functions of DOM has been a topic of growing interest in environmental science and engineering, biogeochemistry, and other research communities.
DOM is one of the most complex naturally occurring mixtures, which has the following features: (i) the relative molecular weight of most molecules is less than 1000 Da, which is small compared with bio-macromolecules; (ii) the molecular composition is very complex, making it impossible to characterize the individual compounds by separation techniques such as chromatography; and (iii) high-resolution mass spectrometry is the only effective approach for analyzing the molecular composition; however, the requirement for the resolving power of mass spectrometry is ultrahigh.

研究区总述

The area that forms the scope of this study lies in 盆地.
As one of the four most prolific petroliferous basin with petroleum reserves exceeding 10 billion tonnes, the Junggar Basin bears the thickest and richest petroleum source rocks in the world.
the Ordos Basin, an important non-marine petroleum-bearing basin around palaeolatitude 31°N, contains oil and natural gas resources that amount to nearly one third of national gross output.
By the end of 时间, proved reserves of 数量 of oil and 数量 of natural gas have been estimated by 单位, ranking the basin among the biggest oil and gas field in China
___is arguably the most well-known shale resource play in the US.
The Barnett Shale resource play has been defined as a self-contained source-reservoir petroleum system characterized/featured by (1)……(2)……(3) ……(4)……
Prolific oil-producing area of…

面积

It covers an area of about___km2.
…with a total area of about ___km2.

发展历史

……A protracted development evolved over approximately 17yr.
……triggered by the application of both hydraulic stimulation and horizontal drilling techniques, that - exploration and development expanded into a much larger area.
To see why, we need to digress briefly to understand how to…为了了解原因，我们需要简要地了解……
… have made it economically feasible to…

前人研究、基础

前人研究成果

The cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction has been one of the most intense scientific debates of past decades, with the relative roles of Chicxulub impact and Deccan Traps volcanism providing the main discussion. The key issues are whether Deccan eruptions caused coincidentpCO2 and pale temperature rises; and whether these pre-impact climate changes were already imposing stresses on the global biota
There is growing evidence that ___
Since the introduction of dopant-assisted APPI, there has been a plethora of APPI mass spectrometry application research in the biological and pharmaceutical sciences.
___, where there is mounting evidence that …
There’s a growing body of evidence suggesting that___. = Mounting evidence suggest that ___
Some scholars have studied ___
___ have been widely reported.
Numerous researches have done much work on _____
A great deal is known about the genetic relationships between biomarkers and their biogenic precursors in organic rich rocks. The same is true of the way in which biomarker compound ratios change during maturation.
Many studies have focused on the reservoir features of tight oil or shale oil, such as…
As reviewed elsewhere___.
The aforementioned publications reported that___.
Some ___ have already been reported (e.g.___).
Many scholars have laid great efforts on investigating___, especially in___, including___. They are trying to illustrate ___.
Following on from preliminary/our earlier studies on___
Previous work has concentrated on___.
To our best knowledge …
In most cases…
The growing recognition of ___ that is related to ___ is beginning to clarify this ambiguity.
Detailed terrestrial climatic trends over the boundary interval could help to evaluate the effects of these two closely timed events, but poor temporal resolution of often fragmentary sections and ambiguous proxies usually restrict the significance of terrestrial records, making it diffcult to evaluate the global picture.

方法

Many methods utilizing METHODS have been proposed in order to characterize CHARACTERISTICS.
All the methods reviewed may contribute to the characterization of CHARACTERISTICS. However, their degree of efficiency varies from low to excellent, and there may be some limitations to their use.
Their cost also varies considerably, depending on the degree of sophistication.
Many of the schemes used today for TARGETS provide no direct compositional link with products expected to be generated from these kerogens during natural catagenesis.
The analytical program included SEVERAL WAYS.
METHODS have been analyzed by geochemical approach and organic petrographic technique.
To approach CHARACTERISTICS for OBJECTS, we have undertaken to develop A NEW METHOD that could APPLICATION that have been shown to be essential for SIGNIFICANCE.
All of the studies mentioned above have in common that they were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

引用

There are in the literature3, 5, 6 several theoretical analyses of the motion of ions in an omegatron and some of the more useful expressions are given below

遗留问题及原因

Understanding the movement of petroleum fluids through the pores of sedimentary rocks is of enormous commercial importance. Much has been written on the extraction of petroleum fluids from the pores of underground reservoirs; but the understanding of how these fluids moved towards and accumulated in the reservoirs is somewhat superficial.
While PROBLEM was postulated forty years ago by AUTHORS, DEFECT precluded unambiguous interpretation.
PEOBLEM have thus far been plagued with ambiguity, in large part because….
What they seldom achieve, however, is ONE PROBLEM, which need a further investigation on RESEARCH OBJECT.
A great deal is known about . On the other hand, very little is known about.
A ___ approach to ___ remains a longstanding challenges in ___.
Deciphering these various influences remains a key challenge in petroleum geochemistry.
Although ___, for have remained elusive.
The lack of ___ is partially responsible for , especially in associated with ___.
, yet a comprehensive literature review reveals that is still poorly understood/ are far less well understood, and in need of detailed investigation.
___ has for a long time remained the least understood process for the petroleum geologist, especially for ___.
To date, it is still not known whether PROBLEM. This is a critical issue, since SIGNIFICANCE. A major obstacle impeding our understanding of ___, is ___.
___ has not been researched systematically in ___. The previous results suggested the presence of ___ from the geological and geochemical data, while it has not been proved by ____.
Detection of ___ in ___ provides a credible evidence for ___.
This means that there are still some disagreements on the thermal maturity ….
Being able to predict gas: oil ratio (GOR) and bulk petroleum phase volumes ahead of drilling is crucial yet very poorly constrained element of exploration strategy.
Deciphering these various influences remains a key challenge in petroleum geochemistry.
Quantitative study of biomarker transformation and trend in the distribution of biomarker maturity ratios with increasing burial depth are rarely found in literature. The reason is mainly the lack of suitable set of samples.

本文研究

对象

Shales of the 地层 formation exposed in the 地区 were investigated by organic geochemical methods.
In this study, we present 内容. On the other hand, 补充说明.
Toward this objective, we explored 内容.
内容 be investigated using 技术 techniques.
The study discuss the ____.

方法

Detailed distributions of the hydrocarbon biomarkers in these samples are discussed in light of possible geochemical implications

新方法

Recently, we established the feasibility of ___ with ___.
Below we introduce a method of ___ according to___ which allows the construction of___.
We show how___ can be measured directly using ___measurements on ___samples.
___ Thus, ___offers a potential opportunity to investigating the _____. Here we present such an - attempt based on a case study in ____.
One important advantage of this approach is that ____. Thus, ___ offer a potential opportunity to investigating ___.

常规

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) using flame ionisation detection, provides a possible solution to this problem by affording a more detailed insight into kerogen composition.
Thus, with the opportunity to test , and to compare, we examine特征for研究对象 in terms of 几个方面revealed by研究手段, with the goal of 预期.
The current study aims to …. To this end, a compositional mass-balance model using analytical pyrolysis data and product yields from artificial maturation experiments (MSSV pyrolysis) were employed.

问题与目的

These difficulties with ___ provide the motivation for our reassessment of their use to .
This study was undertaken with two aims. The first is to , including; the second is to. / Two aim of this study is, therefore, to___.
Based on that, three aims are listed in this paper. Firstly, (try to figure out…by…_); secondly, (compare the differences in…and to summarize …); and thirdly, (analyze the …and propose…).
In order to decipher the effects of ___, we contrast the ___ .
___ remains a key issue in petroleum exploration. To minimize these uncertainties and to understand petroleum formation process and petroleum compositional variations with increasing maturation, the petroleum industry has used laboratory pyrolysis experiments to artificially mature source rocks at relatively high temperatures and short times under an inert atmosphere.

研究结果与结论

These results indicate that___.
___ studies confirm that ___.
Here/in this paper, we report ___, which is essential for ___.
The TOC contents range from ___to ___ for the ___samples and ___to ___for the ___ samples. - Tmax values between ___ and ___in the samples indicate thermal maturity; Tmax values ranging from ___ to in the ___ samples indicate late to overmaturity.
The Shales possess abundant total organic carbon, high generative potential S2 and high Hydrogen Indices, which rank as the best prolific source rocks in both basins followed by Chang 7-1 Shale.

研究意义

The understanding of ___ expanded greatly during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and given their relevant role in enabling an important carbon sink, there are still many active areas of research in the field. For example, there currently exists a heightened research interest to further understand carbon preservation mechanisms via sulfur incorporation in the context of the global change and the need to keep the global temperature increase to <2 ℃ by the end of this century.
These data give insights into___.
These data establish a new ___, providing ___for ___.
The results were used to characterize the composition and type…These insights establish a compelling rationale to___. 令人信服的理由
This work was expected to offer in-depth insights concerning the LTO mechanisms, which was of great significance for ISC field applications.
The purpose of the study is to characterize ___. Additionally, this study will assist ___.
The final aim is to find the best target for . It also serves to predict ___.

Geological settings

构造

构造型式描述

The Ordos Basin has little Cenozoic structural, metamorphic or stratigraphic overprint to obscure the Mesozoic history of tectonic deformation and basin formation. 鄂尔多斯盆地具有少量新生代构造，变质或地层叠加，掩盖了中生代构造变形和盆地形成的历史。
It is ringed by a series of synchronous, poly-phase orogens.由一系列同步的多相造山带环绕
…can be subdivided into six regional structural units…

构造历史演化

The Rocky Mountains formed as a result of two plates crashing head-on, and then their edges moving upwards and lifting the crust.

地层

The stratigraphic sequence consists of Jurassic to Holocent sediments and the tectonic style is…
The sequence is a textbook example of a petroleum system in which high volumes of hydrocarbons have migrated vertically, being described as a ‘‘supercharged, high impedance petroleum system’’ by ….
A set of Upper Permian non-marine clastic rocks records sedimentation along with basin formation. Three intervals have been well documented: the Lucaogou Formation overlies the Jingjingzigou Formation and is overlain by Hongyanchi Formation.
___Formation unconformably overlies Formation and is unconformably overlain by.
The___Formation in thickness can be up to __m with total organic matter exceeding 20%.
The stratigraphic thickness of these strata varies in different areas and can reach about 8000 m in the deepest central sag.
The Paleogene from bottom to top includes the Eocence–Paleocene Dacangfang and Yuhuangding formations and Oligocene Hetaoyuan and Liaozhuang formations. There are three members in the Hetaoyuan Formation.
The total thickness of shale is 厚度, corresponding to __% of the entire ___section.

岩性岩相

The 厚度 thick 岩层 sequence has been subdivided top down into several intervals, in which the second interval is abundant in porous sponge spicules and behaves like a reservoir-unit, while the third interval consists mainly of organic-rich mudstones and constitutes the best source-rock.
Rhythmic stratification
The sediments of地层 Formation consist of 岩性, interbedded with 夹层 intervals.
The major source rock is of Tithonian age, consisting of massive black shales and dark-gray, clayey, laminated shales deposited on an anoxic marinecarbonate shelf.
The Lucaogou Formation, penetrated from深度m to深度m in __ well and from深度m to 深度m in __ well, consists almost exclusively of岩性.
In terms of lithology, the lower and middle members of the Hetaoyuan Formation are characterized by grey–dark grey muddy sandstones, dolomitic shales, muddy dolomites, oil shales and bedded soda-deposits, and the upper member of the Hetaoyuan Formation is dominated by purple conglomerates and sandstones with interbedded mudstones, stratified or concreted gypsum.

沉积环境

The organic matter deposition into Brazilian marginal basins during the Cretaceous was accompanied by the increase on diversification of microorganisms, temporal changes and variations on the biomarker profile, especially of the sterane composition.

Analytical methods/Material and methods

Geochemical screening analyses, including LECO and Rock Eval, followed by extraction and separation in the fractions of saturated, aromatics, and NSO (nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen) compounds (Santamarı ´a et al., 1998) were done on core samples from 10 wells of the Sonda de Campeche that were considered representative of the Tithonian in the study area, based on their petroleum potential and maturity stage (Tables 1 and 2).

采样

井位选择：

The sample set comprises ___ pieces of cored dark gray mudstone from the ___ formation in the ___ well, covering a depth range from ___ to ___.
井号well was drilled in位置, targeting层位with层位特征.
Several drilled wells were selected from depocentre of two source rock packages to prevent basinal margin influence.
To ensure that the samples are representative of oils in the study area, these samples were collected from four different wells located in the main oil fields.
采样数量和深度：
- A suite/total of 数量 shale and mudstone samples were collected from
  (1) several drilled cores from the Hongyanchi, Lucaogou Formations and Chang 7 member.
  (2) were collected from 深度 (vertical depth) for 井号 well.
  (3) the measured stratigraphic sections of 地层Formation at _构造位置 were analyzed. Geological maps and locations of the measured sections in the ___ areas are given in Fig. 1. Detailed stratigraphic and lithologic information with sample locations is presented in Figs. 3 and 4.
采样间隔：Samples were taken at approximately 20″intervals to adequately take the heterogeneity of the section into account.
Prior to sampling，……
样品处理
清除污染物Purge/remove/mobilize contaminants
岩芯和岩屑Core and cuttings
粉碎的粘土Pulverized clays
碎样___ samples were ground as fine as 120 meshes for ___. (grind-ground-ground )

送样实验室：

All (the aforementioned) measurements were carried out/ performed/ analyzed by/in the Applied Petroleum Technology AG (APT, Norway)/ Humble Geochemical Service (Texas, U.S.A.)

一套成熟实验：

Systematic geochemical analyses were conducted on the samples.
……with the same experimental procedures under the same technical environment to overcome any experimental incomparability caused by interlaboratory differences.
Open-system pyrolysis gas chromatography has been employed to characterize the chain length distribution……
combining a large suite of petrologic and high-resolution（高分辨率）organic geochemical analyses on 120 core samples, we have been able to document qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of petroleum retention and expulsion within and from five intervals within the Barnett Shale.

模仿现实情况：

Progressive changes in the compositions of products and residues from simulations must mimic those seen in nature
During the assay 在试验过程中

具体实验

DOM

水样前处理

All glass bottles used here were well pre-treated with chromic acid lotion overnight and rinsed with dilute nitric acid and deionized water repeatedly. All samples were collected in duplicate.
. The overlying water samples collected from each sampling site were filtered using 0.45 μm filters (Jinteng Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China) and stored at 4 ◦C

ESI FT-ICR-MS

Analytical conditions for ESI FT ICR-MS ==are generally described as follows: == dichloromethane is used for dissolving oil, preparing c.0.1 mg/mL for the solution. 1 mL of the solution is put into 1 mL ethanol, then 10 µL 35% (v/v) NH4OH is added, aiming at accelerating the deprotonation process under ESI of the negative ions. The instrument for this analysis is Apex-ultra FT ICR-MS equipped with Shielded superconducting magnet and field density of 9.4 T. - Operating software is XMASS version 6.0 (Bruker Daltonics, USA). Every mass spectrum is composed of and overlain by 64 spectra, which aim at guaranteeing the repeatability. Data analysis 3.4 is provided for analyzing the relative abundance and quality identification.
Resolution of M/z 400 can reach 300000.
Partial magnification of M/z 296.1-296.3 and M/z 297.1-297.3 is illustrated in Fig.2.
The mass spectrum of C27 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-cholestane was acquired using iso-octane solvent-ionizing reagent on APCI source and collision voltage at -2.0 V. In addition, the formation of [M−H]+ ion m/z 371.36816 (Error = 2.50, C27H47+, DBE = 4, four rings) (Fig. 1B) and minor [M−H]+ fragments were observed, including the diagnostic ion m/z 217.19494 (Error = 0.61, C16H25+, DBE = 4, three rings and on double bond), characteristic of hydrogen in the α position at C-14.

Geochemistry

低温保存

The samples were placed in clean sealed bottles and stored in a dedicated refrigerator at a fixed temperature of 0 ℃ until analysis.

实验温度

The GC oven was set at 40℃ for 13 min and then ramped at 5℃ min-1 to 300℃ where it was held for 25 min (total analysis time 90 min).

索氏抽提

ternary azeotropic solvent system (vol. % acetone: cloroform: mthanol = 38: 32: 30) 三元共沸溶剂体系（丙酮：氯仿：甲醇体积百分比=38:32:30）

洗脱

In this context, five Cretaceous crude oils from ____Basin, Brazil were fractionated by silica gel column. The fraction eluted by 10 mL n-hexane were submitted to urea adduction for n-alkanes removal. Then, the branched/cyclic fractions were analyzed by GC×GC–TOF MS and APCI(+) FT−ICR MS.
After asphaltene precipitation, the oil components (i.e., saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and heteroatomic compounds) were separated by an automated medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) procedure. The saturated hydrocarbons in the oils were analyzed for molecular characteristics by GC FID and GC–MS. The experimental procedures are described in detail in ___.
Soxhlet extraction apparatus
- To obtain the extractable organic matter, Soxhlet extraction of shale by chloroform were carried on for 72 h with native copper adding to remove natural sulfur. Then the extracts were concentrated on a rotator evaporator under reduced pressure and transferred to a small vial. The asphaltenes in the extracts were eliminated by precipitation in an excess of hexane before column chromatography.
- Then, the hexane-solute organics were separated into saturates, aromatics and polar fraction using column chromatography (filled with silica gel and Al2O3) by sequential elution with hexane, mixture of DCM and hexane (2:1), DCM and MeOH, respectively. We calculated the Sat/Aro (saturates/aromatics) ratio by the weight of the fraction of saturates and aromatics.
Bitumen 沥青 The term bitumen is usually applied to naturally occurring solid or liquid hydrocarbon deposits that are soluble in an organic solvent such as carbon disulphide, and the solid types are fusible. The term petroleum is used to describe naturally occurring liquid (i.e. oil) and gaseous hydrocarbon deposits. Oil can, therefore, be classified as a bitumen.
Extracted products were further separated into n-hexane soluble maltenes and n-hexane insoluble asphaltenes ['æsfælti:nz, 沥青质]. The maltenes were subjected to medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) to separate into saturated, aromatic hydrocarbons and resins [胶质].

Samples are weighed prior to dissolution of carbonates by hydrochloric acid.
Finely powdered rock samples were mixed with dilute 10% (vol) HCl at 60 °C ± 5 °C for 1 h to remove carbonate.
Finally samples must be washed with distilled water to remove all traces of HCl and water-soluble chlorides. After that, the amount of total organic carbon was measured as carbon dioxide with infrared (IR) detector in an oxygenated combustion oven up to 1350 °C using a LECO SC-632 apparatus.
After rinsing and drying, the decarbonated sample is reweighed and the carbonate carbon content is determined gravimetrically. Subsequently, the decarbonated sample is combusted at high temperature (ca. 1200°C) in the Leco instrument. Comparison of the unknown analysis to a standard value allows computation of the organic carbon content in weight percent.
Rock samples (approximately 100–200 mg) were crushed finely and inorganic carbon was removed with diluted HCl (1:9 HCl: water) at 60 °C. After dried, these rock powders were then introduced into the LECO combustion oven operating at 1350 °C during analysis, and the concentration of carbon dioxide was measured by an infrared detector, and used to calculate TOC.

矿物

Whole rock assemblages
Mineralogical analyses were carried out through electron microscopy and microanalysis at Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering. During analyses, a CARL ZEISS EVO 50 EP Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) integrated with a BRUKER XFLASH 3001 SDD (Silicon Drift Detector) EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectrometer) was used. The analytical conditions for the SE (Secondary Electron) imaging were as follows: 15 kV accelerating voltage, 30e50 pA beam current, 10 mm working distance and 20e40 s for scanning the image area. For the EDS analyses, the beam current was raised to 10e15 mA, and generated X-rays were counted for 60e80 s

Rock-Eval

==The typical acquisition of ==Rock-Eval S1 (mg oil/g rock) is programmed at 300°C for 3 minutes to vaporize oil out of the rock sample.
Jet-Rock 1 was run for every tenth sample and the results were verified against the acceptable range given in the Norwegian Industry Guide to Organic Geochemical Analyses.
The pyrolysis analysis was conducted by a Rock-Eval 6, instrument manufactured by Vinci Technologies. The pyrolysis temperature heat started from an initial temperature of 300 °C (held for 3 min) to a final temperature of 650 °C at a heating rate of 25 °C/min.
In addition, Tmax and the bulk thermal parameters S1, S2 and S3/Rock-Eval pytolysis were measured/applied using a Rock-Eval 6 Instrument following the standard technique with a programmed temperature system from 300 °C (3 min) to 650 °C (0 min) at 25°C per min.
The hydrogen Index and oxygen index were calculated from TOC and Rock-Eval data (HI=S2×100/TOC: mg HC/gTOC; OI=S3×100/TOC: mg CO2/g TOC). The production index (PI=S1/S1+S2) indicates the conversion of kerogen into free hydrocarbons.
Tmax = temperature at which the rate of kerogen breakdown is at maximum (°C)
S1=amount of free hydrocarbons volatilized at 300 °C (mg HC/g Rock)
S2=amount of hydrocarbons generated between 300 and 650 °C (mg HC/g Rock)
S3=amount of oxygen containing volatiles generated (mg CO2/g Rock)
HI=Hydrogen Index = S2×100/TOC
OI=Oxygen Index = S3×100/TOC
PI=Production Index=S1/(S2 + S3)

Py-GC

heating time measured in minutes down to fractions of a second. 加热时间以分钟为单位测量到几分之一秒
Open-system pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) was employed on all __ samples to characterize the macromolecular structure using 设备1 interfaced with 设备2.
26 mm long capillary glass tubes (an internal diameter of 3 mm) with both open ends were preheated at 600°C for no less than 1 h to remove contaminants. After that, up to 30 mg untreated and powdered sample were placed into the centre of the glass tube with glass wool. Then, the glass tube was inserted in the holder of the temperature-programmed oven, and heated in a flow of helium up to 300 °C for 5 min to purge volatile products. Afterward, the temperature of the oven was raised up to 600 °C from initial 300 °C at 50 °C per min, maintaining that end temperature for 2 min.
Pyrolysates were focused using a liquid nitrogen-cooled cryogenic trap (at -190°C) for concentration, and liberated by ballistic heating (holding at 300°C for 10 min) into Agilent GC-6890 A for gas chromatographic analysis.
Separations were made using a 50 m length, 0.32 mm inner diameter HP-Ultra 1 dimethylpolysiloxane capillary column (film thickness of 0.52 μm) run from 30°C to320 °C at 5 °C per min rate, and compounds eluting from the column by a carrier gas (helium) at a flow rate of 30 ml/min were analysed using flame ionization detector (FID).
Individual compounds and boiling rages (C1, C2–5, C6–14 and C15+) were quantified with reference to n-butane external standard by peak area integration (GC ChemStation© software, Agilent Technologies)

Thin section microscopy

Rock blocks were polished into 0.03 mm thin sections both parallel and perpendicular to the bedding. Then, thin sections were analysed under transmitted white light, reflected white light and blue-excited fluorescence (fluorescence excitation wavelength band 350-420 nm) using a Zeiss microscopy to reveal organic-inorganic relationships.
Oil immersion technique was applied to increase the resolving power of a microscope. The immersion oil has an index of refraction around 1.515, and oil immersion objectives are also employed in this scenario. A Zeiss Axiocam was used for taking photograph.

API

The sample set covers a wide range of API gravities from different regions of the Norwegian Central Graben encompassing 29 °API black oils (Krabbe discovery, 7/8-3) to 55 °API condensates of the Tommeliten Alpha field (1/9-1).

Results & Discussion

试验意义

This approach allowed a detailed examination of the generative and retained concentrations of individual components for each sample by calculating thermovaporization and pyrolysis gas chromatography data.
Infrared spectrophotometry provides information on the occurrence and abundance of the various functional groups in kerogen and also paraffinicity or aromaticity.

分子特征

The physical and chemical properties of the analyzed crude oils vary widely.
正构烷烃和异构烷烃

碳数范围

n-alkanes were in the C15-C21 range
High number n-alkanes are recorded in very low abundance.
___ n-alkanes predominate over ___ n-alkanes in ___.

峰型

The chromatograms show a dominance of short-chain n-alkanes with unimodal/bimodal distribution.
The distribution of n-alkanes is continuous and shows no obvious unresolved complex mixture (UCM), indicating minimal biodegradation. Therefore, the biomarker parameters are not expected to have be affected by microbial alterations, but mainly reflect thermal maturity and the source(s) of the crude oils.
All studied samples are characterized by very pronounced bimodal distribution of n-alkanes in a wide range from C14 to C39 and with maximums at C15 and C16 in the area of lower n-alkanes, while in the area of higher n-alkanes the maximums ranged from C26 to C31.

姥植比、奇偶优势等

n-Alkanes were present in abundances that were greater than isoprenoids, resulting in Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios of the samples of 0.92-0.70 and 0.46-0.79, respectively.
The analyzed oil samples have different carbon preference index (CPI) values, pristane to phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios, and terrigenous to aquatic material ratios of 1.06~1.38 (average=1.22), 1.08~1.41 (average=1.22), and 0.21~1.50 (average=0.87), respectively.
In addition, β-carotane was detected, which is sourced from cyanobacteria and algae associated with anoxic, hypersaline, and highly restricted lacustrine settings
The calculated CPI24-34 ratios are significantly greater than 1 (CPI24-34=1.23), indicating that odd-numbered n-alkanes are dominant in the C24-34 range.
Terrigeneous/aquatic organic matter ratios, TAR=(nC27+nC29+nC31)/(nC15+nC17+nC19), are calculated as 0.27 and 0.11.
甾烷、萜烷等
In mass chromatograms, (m/z 217) of the samples is distinct, with high C27 and C29 and low C28 sterane contents. Iso, normal and diasterane contents in the samples were ranked as normal ->iso ->diasterane, and the diasterane/sterane ratios are calculated as 0.74 for sample ___ and 0.55 for sample ___. The 20R steranes are higher than 20S steranes, and aa-steranes are more dominant than bb-steranes. The 20S/(20S+20R) and bb(aa+bb) sterane ratios for C29 are calculated as 0.30 and 0.15.
In m/z 191 mass chromatograms of the samples from the ___ sequence, the tricyclic terpane distribution is dominated by C22, and tricyclic terpanes are recorded in low abundance. In particular, Ts is more dominant than Tm, and C30 hopane is more dominant than C29 norhopane. Because more significant abundance of C29 Ts is recorded, C30* (diahopane) is present in low abundance. The 22S values are higher than 22R, and a homohopane distribution displays a decrease in abundance from low to high carbon-numbered n-alkanes. Gammacerane is found in low abundance.
Terpanes and steranes can also provide insights into the nature of the organic matter. The terpane-related parameters calculated in this study include the ratios of (C19 + C20)/C23 tricyclic terpanes, C24 tetra-/C26 tricyclic terpanes (i.e., C24Te/C26T), Ts/(Ts+Tm), gammacerane/C30 hopane, C32/C33 hopanes, C34/C35 hopanes, and tricyclic terpanes to hopanes (i.e., T/H), which range from 1.05–1.46 (average = 1.25), 0.25–1.27 (average = 0.69), 0.10–0.30 (average = 0.20), 0.16–0.63 (average = 0.32), 1.65–1.81 (average = 1.73), 1.14–2.67 (average = 1.83), and 0.21–3.59 (average = 1.89), respectively.
The most abundant regular steranes are C29 (0.46~0.55; average=0.48), followed by second-most abundant of C28 (0.29~0.37; average=0.32), with C27 having the lowest abundance (0.13~0.25; average=0.20). The isomerization index for C29 steranes (αββ/(αββ+ααα) C29 sterane) has values of 0.30~0.70 (average=0.51). In addition, the ratios of pregnane to regular steranes (i.e., [(C21+C22) pregnane/ααα 20R (C27+C28+C29) steranes]) vary widely from 0.07–0.96 (average = 0.46).

非烃化合物

Of the mass peaks detected, aromatic hydrocarbons (HC), 1S and 2S species (molecules containing one and two sulfur atoms) are the dominant chemical classes, constituting 76–96% of the total identified masses.
Secondary chemical classes include 1O, 4O, and 1S1O species, which when summed with the dominant chemical classes, collectively account for 93–98% of the assigned masses.
Plots of HC species summed by common Z number show…
Masses assigned to 1S species are plotted as a function of mass versus Z number, defined by the formula CnH2n+ZS, with their relative intensity color coded

描述特征

As concluded previously…
All the above features are consistent with the properties of a petroleum reservoir.
The Barnett Shale resource play has been defined as a self-contained source-reservoir petroleum system characterized by (1)……(2)……(3) ……(4)……

化学方程

there should have been a corresponding amount of oxygen liberated simultaneously according to the equation of photosynthesis.

形容程度、重要性

Prerequisite n. 先决条件，前提
Remarkable
Slightly, Negligible [adj. 可忽略的，无足轻重的]

描述图表、参数间关系

Seen from Fig.x, ….
Correspond to：Temperature Tmax corresponding to the maximum of hydrocarbon generation during pyrolysis.
Correspond well：The shifts of Tmax and the HI values correspond well to the oil crossover effect.
strong relationship between their respective influence
Cross-plot 综合图表，交会图表
Discrimination parameter 判别参数
Geochemical depth profile of ___ well

散点图

The Zhang 22 samples fall along a regression line of the 143 mg/g TOC hydrogen index.
___ distributions are somewhat discrete.

投点图

Determining relative correlation among three boiling ranges provides insight into the macromolecular organic matter in terms of its structure moieties.
Nearly all…samples are located in the regions indicating …, with only one outlier that lies in the region of …
samples from the siltstone-enriched Chang 6 and interval-1 tend to lie close to the apex of long-chain components to form population I, whereas samples of the intervals-3 and -4 that contain less long-chain molecules can be grouped into population III.
表
Tabulations are given in Table 3.

含量、数量描述

含量、丰度

…be recorded in low abundance.
In the___samples, rock-forming mineral assemblages constitute mostly clay minerals (xx%), quaetz( %)……
The lower part is represented by five shale samples that have TOC contents ranging from ___ to __wt% and have an average of ___wt%.
… make the predominant contribution to …
___ dominated all the samples, with a maximum content of ___% and an average content of ___%, mainly including (xx%-xx%, average xx%), and ___, followed by a few , and ___; the contents of ___were low (average xx%), mainly consists of ___, ___, ___, and so forth; ___were rare.
The dominant maceral group is ____, comprising an average of ___%.
The relative abundance of ,i.e., predominate over ___ and ___ compounds in ___.
___ is the most important subgroup with __% average content and is present mainly as ___.
___ comprises 11.8% (of the total) and occurs as ___.
___ be present in very small amounts/minor quantities/in similar group (_%/% and __% respectively), (and most often) in the form of ___.
Small amounts of , , and (0.5%, 0.3%, and 0.1%)/Traces of were (also) observed.
___ is less than 1% and indicates ____.
Intervals with higher ___ content (>__%) are also characterized by a decrease in ___.
Mineral matter averages ___% and consists of ___.
The two major partie
The pattern is repeated in other formula classes.

特例

Anomalous
And accounts for similar values in each interval apart from ___.
-位置 is defined by a high GR response at the top (>200 API), which gradually decreases to values approximately 100 API.
区间
The random Ro ranges from 0.35 to 0.37%, which places the coal within the lignite rank.
位置 is represented by 哪些（哪几个）样品 that have 参数 ranging from/varying from 区间and have an average of 平均值.
the maximum and minimum 参数 values of ___ samples are ___ and ___, whereas one sample from ___ has a maximum value of ___.

变化

___ are thought to result in a pronounced increase in___.
___ contents decreased significantly, to an average of __% in the zone. Correspondingly, ___ content increased/dwindled notable (average from ___% to %, max%) with abundant ___including ___, and ___ in some samples.
The___ signatures of___ show the same, albeit relatively obscure features.
The number of employees is in inverse proportion to the level of unemployment in the country.

误差解释

The index varies greatly in Units III-1, II and I, but these changes may not be a true reflection of OM source changes because the total n-alkanes abundance is very low in these units.
discussion
The experiment results concurs with the theory.
These findings are also supported by…
The tentative interpretation of this is that …
This is probably a reflection of …
The clear inference is that…

引用

__ which has been fully detailed by…
__ be questioned by __
As stated before, __
This is the case in this study.
Recent investigators/Recent evidence/Previous studies/Several attempts/A number of researchers have suggested/reported/documented/showed/found/recognized/examined that …
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that …
Factors found to be influencing __ have been explored in several studies. 在几项研究中已经探索出发现影响X的因素
Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on__.
In the past two decades, a number of researchers have sought to determine __.

解释原因

Thus, __ was most likely a reﬂection of the change in _____ in response to the change in___
否定
The estimation is rough and should be considered with caution.
Clearly, this is not the case.
Contratily， _______.

Summary

存在问题

A___ approach to ___ remains a longstanding challenge in___.

文章内容和意义

Toward this object, we explored the ___. Here, we report , which is essential for. ___studies confirm that ___. These data establish a new ___ that can ___, providing ____for ___.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank 单位 at 地区 for access to 煤矿 mines for coal sampling.
We also wish to tank two anonymous reviewers for their insightful and valuable comments that have markedly improved the manuscript.
Thanks are due to Dr.___ for assistance with ___ experiments and to Professor. ___ for valuable discussion.
This work was financially supported by _____ (Grant No.____).
- …the Key Project of the National Science & Technology
- …the National Natural Science Foundation Project
- …the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University
- …the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education
- …the Public funded Projects of China Geological Survey

同义替换、好词

连词

递进

The same applies to…
Moreover, besides, furthermore, in addition
And，along with
aforementioned, as alluded to above如上所述
Amidst, thereof, therein
In line with, correspondingly
- The results are in line with previous studies/Darwin’s theory of evolution.
- This theory is found to be in line with the experimental results.

因果

Because of, due to, derive from, arise from, be responsible for

The discrepancy may derive from different transport mechanisms of petroleum.

Thence, as such, thus, so, it is therefore now possible…

转折

Albeit, though, while, whereas, in comparison, conversely, by (in) contrast

Production of biogenic gas from the Antrim and New Albany shales and thermogenic gas from Lewis Shale and in select locales, New Albany Shale, has been ongoing, albeit in modest volumes of gas.

With respect to, for

however, nevertheless, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, yet, whereas

despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, nonetheless, nevertheless

强调

in fact, indeed, actually, appartently, obviously

列举

In care, lest

动词

Have: hold, possess, own, contain, acquire, gain, maintain, believe, bear, beget, occupy

Reported, proposed

It has been proposed that …

Localize

Localize the infection

Related to, pertain to

Evidence that pertains to the accident.

Discover, come to light

As the focused ion beam technology became more widespread in use, organic pores came to light in many other shales

Stimulate, mimic

Constrain, limit, define 限定

Form，generate，cause，engender, incur

Evaluate，assess，estimate, deduce

Deduce a shocking fact from subtle evidence.

Consist of, incorporate

The quartz in the Barnett samples mainly consist of intrabasinal biogenic sponge spicules and clay-size authigenic quartz.
Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the new plan.

There are…, …can be observed, bear

The Junggar Basin bears the thickest and richest petroleum source rocks in the world.

Subject to, afflicted

subjected to aerobic degradation
afflicted by flood, afflicted with conscience

recognized, believed, conclusive

Generally conclusive that…,

shows, exhibit, be expressed by, Means, display, indicates, suggests, manifest, substantiate, interpret, reveal, elucidate

Results elucidated that the free concentrations of the determined total mean concentrations of PAHs varied greatly.
Here’s another possible way of interpreting that thought.
In a simple “salt pan” the segregation is expressed by the zonation of saline minerals.
Quartz grains can exhibit zonation and rounding.
C2H4 could signify ethylene or marsh gas. (Signify：表示；说明；预示；表达，显示)
Represent
This aggressive behavior manifested in different ways. (Manifest：证明、显示，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚)
Substantiate：用事实支持（某主张、说法等）；证明证实

Test，Measure，Analyze，conduct, employed, perform

Systematic geochemical analyses were conducted on the samples.
Determination（TOC Determination）
Be processed by
Be subjected to: The maltenes were subjected to medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) to separate into saturated, aromatic hydrocarbons and resins.
Be interfaced with 联用

evaluate, interpret, clarity, idenficy, delve into, probe, dissect, test, explore

Compared, comparison

Explain, elucidate, figure out

…elucidate the mechanism of…and its significance.
Control, dominate, exert effects

Ascertain, assay确定（金属/矿石）成分（或品质），测定

Solve the problem, address the point, remedy

Building more roads isn’t always the best remedy for traffic jam.

Propose, present

In this study, we present the homogenous macrolithotype for mudstone and shale in different basins.

Assume, Postulate,

assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
While … was postulated forty years ago by…

Optimize (optimization)使最优化、充分利用

Pertain关于、与…有关

Evidence that pertains to the accident.
A senator questioned the proposal that pertains to employment problems.
名词

Source, origin, provenance

Interphase间期, embryonic stage萌芽期， prophase前期, Metaphase中期, anaphase后期, telophase末期

Conjecture

n. 臆测，猜测；猜测，推测的结果
v. <正式>猜测，推测；（校勘时的）揣摩

Scenario

情况

Replication

重复试验

Difference, disparity, discrepancy, discrimination, differential, differentiation

difference: 普通用词，可指事物本质上的差异或数量上的差额，也可指事物在某一方面的差别，还可指人们之间的不同意见。
distinction: 较正式用词，除指事物在本质上的差别外，还指在某一方面或某一细节上的区分，要在认真观察、研究后才易觉察。
discrepancy: 多用于言论和记述方面，指两物之间缺乏使之相似或平衡的协调。There’s a discrepancy between your account and his. There was a discrepancy in the two reports of the accident.
discrimination:侧重指在判断、见识方面的差别，也可指待遇上的区别
disparity: in healthcare, in finance, in science and in social science.
Extraordinary disparity
differential: The pay differential between IT company employees and farmers is too great.
Disparate: The two countries are so utterly disparate that they are in constant conflict.
There is a major differentiation between depression and depressive emotion.

Form, yield

Study，account

Subset, subgroup

Substrate

副词\形容词

假的fake，pseudo-

Significant, marked

Especially, inter alia

Since then, ultra-high resolution MS data have been successfully applied for, inter alia, maturity assessment, the monitoring of biodegradation and thermochemical sulphate reduction.

Ambiguous, not clear

Reasonably

Reasonably questioned.

Totally, collectively

This company collectively earned fifty million dollars this year.

According, pursuant

Pursuant to its international obligations, Venezuela must guarantee Mr. Holt a fair trial.

Unlikely, improbable

At the same time，Concomitantly伴随地, simultaneously

Be lack of, be devoid of

Determinant, paramount, be of growing importance for, important, play a dominate role, indispensable, crucial, the overriding control
Attitude and responsibility are two determinants of finishing this task.
Safety is paramount.
Shale gas and shale oil are of growing importance for the global energy supply.

Necessitate

The team’s lack of money necessitated a change of plan.
Inherently从根本上说

Near, proximity

The advantage of the house is its proximity to the school.
The Hakka live predominantly in remote areas.

多-少

Sound, favorable, outweigh, myriads of, appreciable, substantial, considerable

The benefits of metro system construction far outweigh temporary inconveniences it brings to us.
This gas is disseminated within myriads of nanometer-sized pores or adsorbed on mineral and organic particle surfaces…

Scarce

Many remote areas are still suffering from scarce supplies of water.

广泛-独特、限定

Normal, universal, popular, prevalent, ubiquitous, comprehensive, pervasive

yet a comprehensive literature review reveals that the formation of organic pores is still poorly understood.
The pervasive presence of nanoporous networks

Individually, respectively, exclusively, conditional

Each controller on a bus can be individually addressed by the CPU.
This room is exclusively for women.
His investment was conditional on giving him power for management.

主要的-次要的

Salient, main, staple, principally

Its salient features
The book is aimed principally at advanced learners.

明显、重要-略微、不重要

Considerably, conspicuous, decidedly definitely, dramatically, enormously, extraordinary, imperative, largely, noticeable, notably, notoriously, obviously, pronouncedly, predominately, pivotal, utmost

His conspicuous red hair made him easy to be recognized in the crowd.
The effect of the medicine is noticeable especially in young people.
Improving the country’s economy is a political imperative for the new president.
play a pivotal role in the transitional process

barely, marginally, merely, paucity, subtle slightly, comparatively, nonvariant

Some gas-mature shales exhibit an absence or paucity of OM-hosted pores.
Shale with almost nonvariant organofacies and maturity

快、突然-慢、稳步

Rapidly, sharply, abruptly,

Gradually, steadily, progressively, remarkably unaltered

正常-反常

Usually, often, routinely, commonplace

Different，anomalous (n. anomaly)反常的、不协调的

Statistical anomalies made it difficult to compare profits from one year to the next.
A cat with no tail is an anomaly.

有利-有害

Advantageous

Blight, detrimental，detrimental, impede, hamper

These chemicals are detrimental to our health.
The vines suffered blight and disease.
He impedes me to do the job well.
Our efforts were severely hampered by a lack of money.

增强-减弱

Increasingly, augment, thrive, incremental, accure

Augment his income
The reform of the cuurent system is a process of incremental change.
Profits usually accrued to a company from good operation.
English skills will accrue to you from speaking and reading a lot.

Diminish

The world’s resources are rapidly diminishing.
in a similar vein: 同样的
taken together: 总的来说
by and large: 总的来说
To better leverage syntactic information in the face of unavoidable error, we propose a simple yet effective graph ensemble technique. paper comes from
In this paper, we propose Graphmerge, a graph ensemble technique to help dependency-based models mitigate the effect of parsing errors.
To summarize, the main contribution of our work are the following:
The idea behind this approach is that the attention matrix shaped by self-attending, also viewed as an edge-weighted directed graph, can represent semantic correlations between words.
To the best of our knowledge, there are very few studies focusing on …… （据我们所知，）
To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a …… （为解决这个问题， ……）

缩写


’	foot，英尺，1 foot=12 inch
"	Inch，英寸，1 inch=2.54 cm
bbl	Barrels，桶；桶（bbl）=42加仑（美制）=159升（l）=0.159立方米（m3)；1桶（bbl）=0.137吨（t）=137公斤（kg)（全球平均）；1吨（t）=7.35桶（bbl）（全球平均）=1174升；1升（l）=0.264加仑（Gal)；1公斤=0.3055加仑（美）/0.2545加仑（英）
Ali.	aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aro.	aromatic hydrocarbons
Asp.	Asphaltenes
Boe	Barrel of oil equivalents，油桶等值
ca.	大约
cc	Cubic centimeter(s)，立方厘米
Da	Dalton, 道尔顿, 原子质量单位
EOG	Resources INC. 依欧格资源公司，从事在美国、加拿大和特立尼达主要生产盆地的天然气和原油勘探、开发、生产和行销
EUR	Estimated Ultimate Recovery，估算的最终采收率
MBOED	每日万桶石油当量
NIST	National institute of standards and Technology
GOR	Gas oil ratio 油气比
Res.	resins (NSO-compounds)
SRV	Stimulated rock volume，压裂改造体积
STP	Standard temperature and pressure
Texas-RRC	the Railroad Commission of Texas，德克萨斯州铁路委员会
TSE	Total soluble extract 总可溶抽提物
tcf	万亿立方英尺；1万亿立方英尺（tcf）=283.17亿立方米（m3）