【读书2】【2014】基于MATLAB的雷达信号处理基础（第二版）——雷达发展历史与应用(1)

1. 雷达系统与信号处理简述

2. Introduction to Radar Systems and SignalProcessing

1.1. 雷达发展历史与应用

1.1. Historyand Applications of Radar

“雷达”一词来源于RADAR的缩写形式，即英文“无线电探测与测距radio detectionand ranging”。

The word “radar” was originallyan acronym, RADAR, for “radio detection and ranging.”

如今，雷达技术已经非常普遍，以至于这个名词已经成为标准的英语名词。

Today, the technology is so common that theword has become a standard English noun.

很多人都有直接接触雷达的亲身体验，例如测量球速、交通流量测速等。

Many people have direct personal experiencewith radar in such applications as measuring fastball speeds or, often to theirregret, traffic control.

雷达的历史可以追溯到现代电磁理论出现之初。

The history of radar extends to the earlydays of modern electromagnetic theory (Swords, 1986; Skolnik, 2001).

1886年，赫兹演示了无线电波的反射特性；1900年，特斯拉在一次采访中描述了电磁检测和速度测量的概念。

In 1886, Hertz demonstrated reflection ofradio waves, and in 1900 Tesla described a concept for electromagneticdetection and velocity measurement in an interview.

1903 - 1904年，德国工程师Hülsmeyer利用无线电波的反射特性实现了船只探测试验，1922年意大利工程师马可尼再次独立地完成了类似的试验。

In 1903 and 1904, the German engineerHülsmeyer experimented with ship detection by radio wave reflection, an ideaadvocated again by Marconi in 1922.

同年，美国海军研究实验室（NRL）的Taylor和Young演示了如何利用雷达探测船只，1930年，NRL首次在Hyland利用雷达探测到飞机（尽管是偶然发现的），从而开展了进一步实质性的研究，并于1934年申请获得了美国专利，该项专利技术被称为连续波（CW）雷达。

In that same year, Taylor and Young of theU.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) demonstrated ship detection by radar andin 1930 Hyland, also of NRL, first detected aircraft (albeit accidentally) byradar, setting off a more substantial investigation that led to a U.S. patentfor what would now be called a continuous wave (CW) radar in 1934.

20世纪30年代中后期雷达的发展加速并迅速普及，但在美国、英国、法国、德国、俄罗斯、意大利和日本等各国的研究基本上都是独立的，相互之间的交流很少。

The development of radar accelerated andspread in the middle and late 1930s, with largely independent developments inthe United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, and Japan.

在美国，NRL的R. M. Page在1934年开始致力于脉冲雷达的研制，并于1936年实现了第一次成功的演示。

In theUnited States, R. M. Page of NRLbegan an effort to develop pulsed radar in 1934, with the first successfuldemonstrations in 1936.

1936年，美国陆军信号兵团也开始积极开展雷达研制工作；1938年，建立了第一套雷达作战系统，即SCR-268防空火控系统；1939年，建立了SCR-270预警雷达系统，但悲剧的是，该雷达系统的探测结果在珍珠港事件中被忽视了。

The year 1936 also saw the U.S. Army SignalCorps begin active radar work, leading in 1938 to its first operational system,the SCR-268 antiaircraft fire control system, and in 1939 to the SCR-270 earlywarning system, the detections of which were tragically ignored at Pearl Harbor.

1935年，在战争威胁的推动下，沃森-瓦特开始致力于英国雷达的发展与研制工作。

British development, spurred by the threatof war, began in earnest with work by Watson-Watt in 1935.

当年，英国人就完成了脉冲雷达系统的验证，到1938年建立了著名的Chain Home监视雷达网络，该系统一直使用到第二次世界大战结束。

The British demonstrated pulsed radar thatyear, and by 1938 established the famous Chain Home surveillance radar networkthat remained active until the end of World War II.

英国人还在1939年设计了第一款机载截获雷达。

They also built the first airborneinterceptor radar in 1939.

1940年，美国和英国开始相互交流关于雷达发展的信息资料。

In 1940, theUnited StatesandBritainbegan to exchangeinformation on radar development.

到那时候为止，大多数雷达都是工作在高频(HF)和超高频(VHF)波段，但是随着英国公布了临界腔磁控微波功率管的成功研制以及美国在麻省理工学院建立了微波辐射实验室，为微波雷达系统的应用奠定了坚实的基础。

Up to this time, most radar work wasconducted at high frequency (HF) and very high frequency (VHF) wavelengths; butwith the British disclosure of the critical cavity magnetron microwave powertube and the United States formation of the Radiation Laboratory at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology, the groundwork was laid for thesuccessful development of radar at the microwave frequencies that havepredominated ever since.

以上所述的每个国家都进行了连续波雷达试验，并在第二次世界大战期间部署了作战雷达。

Each of the other countries mentioned alsocarried out CW radar experiments, and each fielded operational radars at sometime during the course of World War II.

法国和俄罗斯的雷达研制工作因为德军的入侵而中断了。

Efforts inFranceandRussiawere interrupted by German occupation.

——本文译自Mark A. Richards所著的《Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing（Second edition）》

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