【读书2】【2014】基于MATLAB的雷达信号处理基础（第二版）——接收机(4)

最后，用于I、Q两个通道解调的本振信号必须是正交的，即两者存在90度的相移。

Finally, a related requirement is that theoscillators used to demodulate the I and Q channels must be exactly inquadrature, that is, 90° out of phase with one another.

在图1.9所示的接收机框图中，接收信号经过混频后下变频为基带信号。

In the receiver structure shown in Fig.1.9, the information-bearing portion of the signal is demodulated from thecarrier frequency to baseband in a single mixing operation.

图1.9所示框图只是为了分析方便，而实际中的脉冲雷达接收机并不是这样设计的。

While convenient for analysis, pulsed radarreceivers are virtually never implemented this way in practice.

其中一个原因是因为有源电子设备在其输出信号中引入了各种类型的噪声，例如散粒噪声和热噪声。

One reason is that active electronicdevices introduce various types of noise into their output signal, such as shotnoise and thermal noise.

一种称为闪烁噪声或1/F噪声的分量，其功率谱近似为F-1，因此在零频率附近的强度最大（即噪声强度与频率成反比）。

One noise component, known as flicker noiseor 1/F noise, has a power spectrum that behaves approximately as F-1and is therefore strongest near zero frequency.

由于接收到的雷达信号非常微弱，所以如果将它们转换到基带后再进行放大，就会被1/F噪声破坏。

Since received radar signals are very weak,they can be corrupted by 1/F noise if they are translated to baseband beforebeing amplified.

图1.13给出了更具代表性的超外差接收机结构。

Figure 1.13 shows a more representativesuperheterodyne receiver structure.

Figure 1.13. 超外差雷达接收机结构框图Structure of asuperheterodyne radar receiver.

非常微弱的接收信号在使用低噪声放大器(LNA)接收后立即被放大。

The received signal, which is very weak, isamplified immediately upon reception using a low-noise amplifier (LNA).

与接收机的其它任何组件相比，LNA是决定整个接收机噪声系数的最主要器件。

The LNA, more than any other component,determines the noise figure of the overall receiver.

从本书的第2.3节中我们将看到，LNA是决定雷达信噪比SNR的重要因素，因此，LNA的设计非常关键。

It will be seen in Sec. 2.3 that this is animportant factor in determining the radar’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), sogood design of the LNA is important.

超外差接收机的关键特点是将信号解调到基带的过程划分为两个或多个阶段进行。

The key feature of the superheterodynereceiver is that the demodulation to baseband occurs in two or more stages.

首先，信号被解调到中频IF，在这一级进行再次放大。

First, the signal is modulated to an IF,where it receives additional amplification.

与微波组件相比，中频信号的带宽百分比更大，并且中频组件的成本更低，所以中频放大更容易。

Amplification at IF is easier because ofthe greater percentage bandwidth of the signal and the lower cost of IFcomponents compared to microwave components.

此外，解调到中频的信号转换损失更小，能够进一步提高接收机灵敏度；此外中频放大的引入还能够降低闪烁噪声的影响。

In addition, modulation to IF rather thanto baseband incurs a lower conversion loss, improving the receiver sensitivity,and the extra IF amplification also reduces the effect of flicker noise.

最后，将中频放大的输出信号解调到基带。

Finally, the amplified signal isdemodulated to baseband.

一些接收机可能会使用两级以上的变频解调方案（这样就会有2个或更多的中频频率），但是一般情况下都是采用两级解调。

Some receivers may use more than twodemodulation stages (so that there are two or more IF frequencies), but twostages is the most common choice.

最后一个优点是超外差设计具有自适应调整的能力。

One final advantage of the superheterodyneconfiguration is its adaptability.

通过调节本振LO的频率，可以实现变化的射频RF频率，这样就能很容易地实现对发射频率的跟踪接收。

The same IF stages can be used withvariable RFs simply by tuning the LO so as to track changes in the transmittedfrequency.

——本文译自Mark A. Richards所著的《Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing（Second edition）》

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