k-epsilon (k-ε)湍流模型中，先解哪个方程为好？

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In the k-epsilon (k-ε) two-equation turbulence model with a standard wall function, determining whether to solve the epsilon (ε) equation or the k equation first involves understanding their roles, dependencies, and the numerical process, particularly in the context of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The k-epsilon model simulates turbulent flows by solving two coupled transport equations: one for the turbulent kinetic energy (k) and one for its dissipation rate (ε). These equations are nonlinear and interdependent, requiring an iterative solution process where they are typically solved sequentially within each iteration.

Understanding the Equations and Dependencies

• k Equation: This governs the turbulent kinetic energy, k, with terms for convection, diffusion, production (based on velocity gradients and turbulent viscosity, μ_t), and dissipation (proportional to ε). Thus, solving the k equation requires a current estimate of ε.
• ε Equation: This governs the dissipation rate, ε, with terms that depend on k, ε itself, and the production of k. Notably, terms like (ε / k) in the source terms highlight a direct dependence on k.
• Turbulent Viscosity: The turbulent viscosity, μ_t = Cμ * k² / ε, couples both equations to the momentum equations, as it influences the velocity field, which in turn affects the production terms in both k and ε equations.

Since μ_t depends on both k and ε, and the equations are solved iteratively, the order of solution could influence the update process, numerical stability, or convergence rate.

Role of Standard Wall Functions

The standard wall function approach models the near-wall region without resolving it finely, prescribing values for k and ε in the cells adjacent to the wall:

• k Near the Wall: Often set based on the wall shear stress or friction velocity, rather than being solved directly in the near-wall cell.
• ε Near the Wall: Typically prescribed as ε = Cμ^(3/4) * k^(3/2) / (κ * y), where y is the distance from the wall, κ is the von Kármán constant, and k is the local turbulent kinetic energy. This boundary condition for ε explicitly depends on the current value of k.

In the bulk flow (away from the wall), both equations are solved, but the wall function boundary conditions play a critical role in the overall solution consistency.

Numerical Solution Process

In most CFD solvers, the k-ε equations are solved using a segregated approach:

1. Momentum Equations: Solved first using the current μ_t.
2. Turbulence Equations: k and ε are solved sequentially, updating μ_t afterward for the next iteration.

Within the turbulence equations, the order of solving k and ε varies by implementation, but a common practice is to solve k first, followed by ε. This raises the question: is there an advantage to this order?

Why Solve k First?

Several factors suggest that solving the k equation before the ε equation is preferable:

• Boundary Condition Consistency: Since ε near the wall depends on k (via ε = Cμ^(3/4) * k^(3/2) / (κ * y)), solving k first provides an updated k value for setting the ε boundary condition. Solving ε first would rely on the previous iteration’s k, potentially introducing a lag or inconsistency in the early iterations.
• Physical Intuition: k represents the turbulent kinetic energy, a primary physical quantity driving turbulence, while ε is the rate at which this energy dissipates. Updating k first aligns with the energy cascade concept, where large-scale eddies (related to k) influence smaller, dissipative scales (related to ε).
• Numerical Stability: The ε equation contains terms like (ε / k), which are sensitive to k’s value. An updated k from the current iteration may stabilize these terms, especially if k is small, avoiding potential numerical issues. While safeguards prevent division by zero, an outdated k could still affect convergence.
• Standard Practice: In widely used CFD software (e.g., Fluent, OpenFOAM) and literature (e.g., Versteeg and Malalasekera’s An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics), the k equation is typically solved before the ε equation. This convention, while possibly historical, suggests practical benefits validated by extensive use.

What If ε Is Solved First?

Solving ε first, using the previous iteration’s k, updates ε, which is then used in the k equation. However:

• The k equation’s dissipation term (-ε) and μ_t still rely on the old k, potentially delaying the alignment of k with the flow field.
• The ε boundary condition would use an outdated k, which might slow convergence or introduce minor inconsistencies, especially in early iterations when k and ε are far from converged values.

Since the process is iterative, the final converged solution should be independent of the order, assuming sufficient iterations. However, the path to convergence—stability and speed—may differ.

Conclusion

For the k-epsilon two-equation model with standard wall functions, it is better to solve the k equation first, followed by the ε equation. This order leverages the dependency of ε’s boundary condition on k, aligns with the physical relationship between turbulent energy and its dissipation, and may enhance numerical stability and convergence efficiency. Standard CFD practices reinforce this preference, making it the recommended approach.

Thus, the answer is to solve the k equation first.

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