TASK5

dropout

dropout是指在深度学习网络的训练过程中，对于神经网络单元，按照一定的概率将其暂时从网络中丢弃。

def dropout(x, level, noise_shape=None, seed=None):
    """Sets entries in `x` to zero at random,
    while scaling the entire tensor.
    # Arguments
        x: tensor
        level: fraction of the entries in the tensor
            that will be set to 0.
        noise_shape: shape for randomly generated keep/drop flags,
            must be broadcastable to the shape of `x`
        seed: random seed to ensure determinism.
    """
    if level < 0. or level >= 1:
        raise ValueError('Dropout level must be in interval [0, 1[.')
    if seed is None:
        seed = np.random.randint(1, 10e6)
    if isinstance(noise_shape, list):
        noise_shape = tuple(noise_shape)

    rng = RandomStreams(seed=seed)
    retain_prob = 1. - level

    if noise_shape is None:
        random_tensor = rng.binomial(x.shape, p=retain_prob, dtype=x.dtype)
    else:
        random_tensor = rng.binomial(noise_shape, p=retain_prob, dtype=x.dtype)
        random_tensor = T.patternbroadcast(random_tensor,
                                           [dim == 1 for dim in noise_shape])
    x *= random_tensor
    x /= retain_prob    %除以丢弃的概率
    return x

正则化 本质是降低模型复杂度，防止过拟合
正则化方法是指在进行目标函数或代价函数优化时，在目标函数或代价函数后面加上一个正则项，一般有L1正则与L2正则等。
L1正则即在原有的损失函数的基础上添加参数向量的L1范数。
L2正则即在原有的损失函数的基础上添加参数向量的L2范数。

L1 L2正则化

两种标准化方式：L1和L2对w进行惩罚
L1正则即在原有的损失函数的基础上添加L1范式。当w大于0时，更新的参数w变小；当参数w小于0时，更新的参数w变大；所以L1正则化容易使参数变为0
$L(w)=E_D(w)+\frac{\lambda }{n}{\sum }_{i=1}^n|w_i|$
L2正则化即在原有的损失函数上添加参数向量的L2范式。当w趋于零的时候，参数减少的非常缓慢，因此L2正则化使参数减小到很小的范围但不为0
$L(w)=E_D(w)+\frac{\lambda }{n^2}{\sum }_{i=1}^n{w}_i^2$
L2 可以直接采用优化器自带的weight_deacy来制定权重的衰减，相当于$\lambda$，optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(),lr=1e-4,weight_decay=1e-5)L1手动实现即可

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5)
        self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.5)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = self.dropout(x)
        x = self.pool(F.relu(x))

        x = self.conv2(x)
        x = self.dropout(x)
        x = self.pool(F.relu(x))

        x = x.view(-1, 16 * 5 * 5)
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x
net = Net()

# ####GPU train
device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
# 1.
net.to(device)

import torch.optim as optim
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)

for epoch in range(10):  # loop over the dataset multiple times

    running_loss = 0.0
    for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
        # get the inputs
        inputs, labels = data
        # 2.
        inputs, labels = inputs.to(device), labels.to(device)

        # zero the parameter gradients
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        # forward + backward + optimize
        outputs = net(inputs)
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

        # print statistics
        running_loss += loss.item()
        if i % 2000 == 1999:    # print every 2000 mini-batches
            print('[%d, %5d] loss: %.3f' %
                  (epoch + 1, i + 1, running_loss / 2000))
            running_loss = 0.0

print('Finished Training')


### GPU test
class_correct = list(0. for i in range(10))
class_total = list(0. for i in range(10))
with torch.no_grad():
    for data in testloader:
        images, labels = data
        images, labels = images.to(device), labels.to(device)
        outputs = net(images)
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)
        # print(predicted)
        c = (predicted == labels).squeeze()
        for i in range(4):
            label = labels[i]
            class_correct[label] += c[i].item()
            class_total[label] += 1

for i in range(10):
    print('Accuracy of %5s : %2d %%' % (
        classes[i], 100 * class_correct[i] / class_total[i]))