ARM汇编基础知识

ARM 是 Advanced RISC Machine 的缩写,可以理解为一种处理器的架构,还可以将它作为一套完整的处理器指令集。

RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computing) 精简指令集计算机:一种执行较少类型计算机指令的微处理器。
处理器指令集: 计算机处理命令的指令集合。ARM 指令集是一组提供一整套运算的 32 位指令。
ARM 处理器是典型的 RISC 处理器,因为它们执行的是加载/存储体系结构。只有加载和存储指令才能访问内存。数据处理指令只操作寄存器的内容。

目前市面上的安卓手机绝大多数的CPU都是基于ARM架构的,但是也有少数采用了英特尔X86架构的CPU。

对于使用ARM处理器的 Android手机来说,它最终会生成相应的ARM elf (so)可执行文件,分析软件的核心功能只能从 elf(so)文件入手。


1、ARM汇编语言(armasm)是一门低级语言,它与系统的底层打交道,直接访问底层硬件资源。

2、ARM汇编语言与C语言共用同一套原生程序开发的API接口。

3、寄存器是CPU的组成部分,是和存储器交互的桥梁,它们可用来暂存指令、数据和地址。


ARM寄存器

ARM微处理器共有37个32位寄存器,其中31个为通用寄存器,6个为状态寄存器。

ARM寄存器分为2类,普通寄存器和状态寄存器。通用寄存器总共16种,分别为R0到R15;状态寄存器共2种,分别为CPSR和SPSR。

16种通用寄存器:(总个数31)

  • R15 别名PC(program counter)程序计数器:保存当前正在执行的指令在内存中的地址,当指令执行结束后,PC的值自动+1,即自动指向下一条即将执行的指令在内存中的位置。因为当程序通过汇编指令完成了对PC寄存器的赋值操作的时候,其实就是完成了一次无条件跳转。
  • R14 别名LR(linked register)链接寄存器:用于存放子程序的返回地址,它是ARM程序实现子程序调用的关键所在。
  • R13 别名SP(stack pointer)栈指针寄存器:用于存放堆栈的栈顶地址的。当我们进行出栈和入栈的时候,都将根据该寄存器的值来决定访问内存的位置(即出入栈的内存位置),同时在出栈和入栈操作完成后,SP寄存器的值也应该相应增加或减少。
  • R0-R12是普通的数据寄存器,可用于任何地方。
    • R12 内部调用暂时寄存器 。 被调用函数在返回之前不必恢复。
    • R4-R11 常用来存放函数的局部变量 。 被调用函数返回之前必须恢复这些寄存器的值。
    • R0-R3 常用来传入函数参数,传出函数返回值

2种状态寄存器:(总个数6)

  • CPSR(1个)(current program status register)状态寄存器:用于保存程序的当前状态。
  • SPSR(5个)(saved program status register)备份程序状态寄存器: 异常返回后恢复异常发生时的工作状态。

上面的知识点有点多,需要记住 ARM微处理器有37个寄存器, 其中 31个通用寄存器 总共16种(R0-R15),6个状态寄存器 总共两种(CPSR,SPSR)


ARM处理器状态

ARM汇编下有两种工作状态, 一般情况下是ARM状态,带状态切换的跳转指令BX,当地址值的最后一位是1时,进入Thumb状态。

  • ARM状态:32位,ARM状态执行字对齐的32位ARM指令。
  • Thumb状态,16位,执行半字对齐的16位指令。
  • Thumb-2状态,新的thumb-2内核技术兼有16位及32位指令,实现了更高的性能,更有效的功耗及更少地占用内存
  • 调试状态,ARM处理器停机时进入调试状态。

ARM和Thumb两种状态之间的切换不影响处理器的工作模式和寄存器的内容。
ARM处理器在处理异常时,不管处理器处于什么状态,则都将切换到ARM状态


ARM处理器工作模式

除用户模式之外,其他所有模式统称为特权模式。它们具有对系统资源的完全访问权限,并可随意更改模式。
需要任务保护的应用程序通常在用户模式下执行。有些嵌入式应用程序可能完 全运行在超级用户模式或系统模式下。
进入除用户模式之外的模式是为了处理异常或访问特许资源。
在这里插入图片描述


ARM指令集简介

ARM指令集是指计算机ARM操作指令系统,在ARM中有两种方式可以实现程序的跳转:

  • 一种是跳转指令
  • 另一种是直接向PC寄存器(R15)中写入目标地址值

所有 ARM 指令的长度都是 32 位。这些指令是按字对齐方式存储的,因此在 ARM 状态下,指令地址的两个最低有效位始终为零。
而 Thumb、Thumb-2 指令的长度是 16 位或 32 位。这些指令按半字对齐方式存储。其中有些指令使用最低有效位来确定跳转到的目标代码是 Thumb 代码还是 ARM 代码。

ARM处理器指令集可以分为跳转指令、数据处理指令、程序状态寄存器(PSR)处理指令、加载/存储指令、协处理器指令和异常产生指令六大类。

跳转指令
此类指令用于:

  • 向后跳转以构成循环
  • 在条件结构中向前跳转
  • 跳转到子例程
  • 在 ARM 状态和 Thumb 状态之间转换处理器状态

数据处理指令
此类指令用于对通用寄存器执行运算,它们可对两个寄存器的内容执行加法、 减法或按位逻辑等运算,并将结果存放到第三个寄存器中。它们还可以对单个寄存器中的值执行运算,或者对寄存器中的值与指令中提供的常数执行运算。

寄存器加载和存储指令
用于从内存加载单个寄存器的值,或者在内存中存储单个寄存器的值

协处理器指令
此类指令支持一种用于扩展 ARM 体系结构的通用方式。用于减轻系统微处理器的特定处理任务。ARM微处理器可支持多达16个协处理器用于各种协处理操作。

程序状态寄存器(PSR)处理指令
用于在程序状态寄存器和通用寄存器之间传送数据,程序状态寄存器访问指令包括以下两条:

  • MRS 程序状态寄存器到通用寄存器的数据传送指令
  • MSR 通用寄存器到程序状态寄存器的数据传送指令

异常产生指令
ARM 微处理器所支持的异常指令有如下两条:

  • SWI 软件中断指令
  • BKPT 断点中断指令

在这里插入图片描述

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Table of Contents Preface About this book Using this book Glossary Typographic conventions Feedback Other information 1 Overview of the Assembler 1.1 About the ARM Compiler toolchain assemblers 1.2 Key features of the assembler 1.3 How the assembler works 1.4 Directives that can be omitted in pass 2 of the assembler 2 Overview of the ARM Architecture 2.1 About the ARM architecture 2.2 ARM, Thumb, and ThumbEE instruction sets 2.3 Changing between ARM, Thumb, and ThumbEE state 2.4 Processor modes, and privileged and unprivileged software execution 2.5 Processor modes in ARMv6-M and ARMv7-M 2.6 VFP hardware 2.7 ARM registers 2.8 General-purpose registers 2.9 Register accesses 2.10 Predeclared core register names 2.11 Predeclared extension register names 2.12 Predeclared coprocessor names 2.13 Program Counter 2.14 Application Program Status Register 2.15 The Q flag 2.16 Current Program Status Register 2.17 Saved Program Status Registers 2.18 ARM and Thumb instruction set overview 2.19 Access to the inline barrel shifter 3 Structure of Assembly Language Modules 3.1 Syntax of source lines in assembly language 3.2 Literals 3.3 ELF sections and the AREA directive 3.4 An example ARM assembly language module 4 Writing ARM Assembly Language 4.1 About the Unified Assembler Language 4.2 Register usage in subroutine calls 4.3 Load immediate values 4.4 Load immediate values using MOV and MVN 4.5 Load immediate values using MOV32 4.6 Load immediate values using LDR Rd, =const 4.7 Literal pools 4.8 Load addresses into registers 4.9 Load addresses to a register using ADR 4.10 Load addresses to a register using ADRL 4.11 Load addresses to a register using LDR Rd, =label 4.12 Other ways to load and store registers 4.13 Load and store multiple register instructions 4.14 Load and store multiple register instructions in ARM and Thumb 4.15 Stack implementation using LDM and STM 4.16 Stack operations for nested subroutines 4.17 Block copy with LDM and STM 4.18 Memory accesses 4.19 The Read-Modify-Write operation 4.20 Optional hash with immediate constants 4.21 Use of macros 4.22 Test-and-branch macro example 4.23 Unsigned integer division macro example 4.24 Instruction and directive relocations 4.25 Frame directives 4.26 Exception tables and Unwind tables 4.27 Assembly language changes after RVCT v2.1 5 Condition Codes 5.1 Conditional instructions 5.2 Conditional execution in ARM state 5.3 Conditional execution in Thumb state 5.4 Updates to the condition flags 5.5 Condition code suffixes and related flags 5.6 Comparison of condition code meanings in integer and floating-point code 5.7 Benefits of using conditional execution 5.8 Example showing the benefits of using conditional instructions 5.9 Optimization for execution speed 6 Using the Assembler 6.1 armasm command-line syntax 6.2 Specify command-line options with an environment variable 6.3 Using stdin to input source code to the assembler 6.4 Built-in variables and constants 6.5 Identifying versions of armasm in source code 6.6 Diagnostic messages 6.7 Interlocks diagnostics 6.8 Automatic IT block generation 6.9 Thumb branch target alignment 6.10 Thumb code size diagnostics 6.11 ARM and Thumb instruction portability diagnostics 6.12 Instruction width diagnostics 6.13 Two pass assembler diagnostics 6.14 Conditional assembly 6.15 Using the C preprocessor 6.16 Address alignment 6.17 Instruction width selection in Thumb 7 Symbols, Literals, Expressions, and Operators 7.1 Symbol naming rules 7.2 Variables 7.3 Numeric constants 7.4 Assembly time substitution of variables 7.5 Register-relative and PC-relative expressions 7.6 Labels 7.7 Labels for PC-relative addresses 7.8 Labels for register-relative addresses 7.9 Labels for absolute addresses 7.10 Numeric local labels 7.11 Syntax of numeric local labels 7.12 String expressions 7.13 String literals 7.14 Numeric expressions 7.15 Syntax of numeric literals 7.16 Syntax of floating-point literals 7.17 Logical expressions 7.18 Logical literals 7.19 Unary operators 7.20 Binary operators 7.21 Multiplicative operators 7.22 String manipulation operators 7.23 Shift operators 7.24 Addition, subtraction, and logical operators 7.25 Relational operators 7.26 Boolean operators 7.27 Operator precedence 7.28 Difference between operator precedence in assembly language and C 8 VFP Programming 8.1 Architecture support for VFP 8.2 Half-precision extension for VFP 8.3 Fused Multiply-Add extension for VFP 8.4 Extension register bank mapping in VFP 8.5 VFP views of the extension register bank 8.6 Load values to VFP registers 8.7 Conditional execution of VFP instructions 8.8 Floating-point exceptions in VFP 8.9 VFP data types 8.10 Extended notation extension for VFP 8.11 VFP system registers 8.12 Flush-to-zero mode 8.13 When to use flush-to-zero mode in VFP 8.14 The effects of using flush-to-zero mode in VFP 8.15 VFP operations not affected by flush-to-zero mode 8.16 VFP vector mode 8.17 Vectors in the VFP extension register bank 8.18 VFP vector wrap-around 8.19 VFP vector stride 8.20 Restriction on vector length 8.21 Control of scalar, vector, and mixed operations 8.22 Overview of VFP directives and vector notation 8.23 Pre-UAL VFP syntax and mnemonics 8.24 Vector notation 8.25 VFPASSERT SCALAR 8.26 VFPASSERT VECTOR 9 Assembler Command-line Options 9.1 --16 9.2 --32 9.3 --apcs=qualifier…qualifier 9.4 --arm 9.5 --arm_only 9.6 --bi 9.7 --bigend 9.8 --brief_diagnostics, --no_brief_diagnostics 9.9 --checkreglist 9.10 --compatible=name 9.11 --cpreproc 9.12 --cpreproc_opts=option[,option,…] 9.13 --cpu=list 9.14 --cpu=name 9.15 --debug 9.16 --depend=dependfile 9.17 --depend_format=string 9.18 --diag_error=tag[,tag,…] 9.19 --diag_remark=tag[,tag,…] 9.20 --diag_style={arm|ide|gnu} 9.21 --diag_suppress=tag[,tag,…] 9.22 --diag_warning=tag[,tag,…] 9.23 --dllexport_all 9.24 --dwarf2 9.25 --dwarf3 9.26 --errors=errorfile 9.27 --execstack, --no_execstack 9.28 --execute_only 9.29 --exceptions, --no_exceptions 9.30 --exceptions_unwind, --no_exceptions_unwind 9.31 --fpmode=model 9.32 --fpu=list 9.33 --fpu=name 9.34 -g 9.35 --help 9.36 -idir[,dir, …] 9.37 --keep 9.38 --length=n 9.39 --li 9.40 --library_type=lib 9.41 --liclinger=seconds 9.42 --licretry 9.43 --list=file 9.44 --list= 9.45 --littleend 9.46 -m 9.47 --maxcache=n 9.48 --md 9.49 --no_code_gen 9.50 --no_esc 9.51 --no_hide_all 9.52 --no_regs 9.53 --no_terse 9.54 --no_warn 9.55 -o filename 9.56 --pd 9.57 --predefine "directive" 9.58 --reduce_paths, --no_reduce_paths 9.59 --regnames 9.60 --report-if-not-wysiwyg 9.61 --show_cmdline 9.62 --split_ldm 9.63 --thumb 9.64 --thumbx 9.65 --unaligned_access, --no_unaligned_access 9.66 --unsafe 9.67 --untyped_local_labels 9.68 --version_number 9.69 --via=filename 9.70 --vsn 9.71 --width=n 9.72 --xref 10 ARM and Thumb Instructions 10.1 ARM and Thumb instruction summary 10.2 Instruction width specifiers 10.3 Flexible second operand (Operand2) 10.4 Syntax of Operand2 as a constant 10.5 Syntax of Operand2 as a register with optional shift 10.6 Shift operations 10.7 Saturating instructions 10.8 Condition code suffixes 10.9 ADC 10.10 ADD 10.11 ADR (PC-relative) 10.12 ADR (register-relative) 10.13 ADRL pseudo-instruction 10.14 AND 10.15 ASR 10.16 B 10.17 BFC 10.18 BFI 10.19 BIC 10.20 BKPT 10.21 BL 10.22 BLX 10.23 BX 10.24 BXJ 10.25 CBZ and CBNZ 10.26 CDP and CDP2 10.27 CLREX 10.28 CLZ 10.29 CMP and CMN 10.30 CPS 10.31 CPY pseudo-instruction 10.32 DBG 10.33 DMB 10.34 DSB 10.35 EOR 10.36 ERET 10.37 HVC 10.38 ISB 10.39 IT 10.40 LDC and LDC2 10.41 LDM 10.42 LDR (immediate offset) 10.43 LDR (PC-relative) 10.44 LDR (register offset) 10.45 LDR (register-relative) 10.46 LDR pseudo-instruction 10.47 LDR, unprivileged 10.48 LDREX 10.49 LSL 10.50 LSR 10.51 MCR and MCR2 10.52 MCRR and MCRR2 10.53 MLA 10.54 MLS 10.55 MOV 10.56 MOV32 pseudo-instruction 10.57 MOVT 10.58 MRC and MRC2 10.59 MRRC and MRRC2 10.60 MRS (PSR to general-purpose register) 10.61 MRS (system coprocessor register to ARM register) 10.62 MSR (ARM register to system coprocessor register) 10.63 MSR (general-purpose register to PSR) 10.64 MUL 10.65 MVN 10.66 NEG pseudo-instruction 10.67 NOP 10.68 ORN (Thumb only) 10.69 ORR 10.70 PKHBT and PKHTB 10.71 PLD and PLI 10.72 POP 10.73 PUSH 10.74 QADD 10.75 QADD8 10.76 QADD16 10.77 QASX 10.78 QDADD 10.79 QDSUB 10.80 QSAX 10.81 QSUB 10.82 QSUB8 10.83 QSUB16 10.84 RBIT 10.85 REV 10.86 REV16 10.87 REVSH 10.88 RFE 10.89 ROR 10.90 RRX 10.91 RSB 10.92 RSC 10.93 SADD8 10.94 SADD16 10.95 SASX 10.96 SBC 10.97 SBFX 10.98 SDIV 10.99 SEL 10.100 SETEND 10.101 SEV 10.102 SHADD8 10.103 SHADD16 10.104 SHASX 10.105 SHSAX 10.106 SHSUB8 10.107 SHSUB16 10.108 SMC 10.109 SMLAxy 10.110 SMLAD 10.111 SMLAL 10.112 SMLALD 10.113 SMLALxy 10.114 SMLAWy 10.115 SMLSD 10.116 SMLSLD 10.117 SMMLA 10.118 SMMLS 10.119 SMMUL 10.120 SMUAD 10.121 SMULxy 10.122 SMULL 10.123 SMULWy 10.124 SMUSD 10.125 SRS 10.126 SSAT 10.127 SSAT16 10.128 SSAX 10.129 SSUB8 10.130 SSUB16 10.131 STC and STC2 10.132 STM 10.133 STR (immediate offset) 10.134 STR (register offset) 10.135 STR, unprivileged 10.136 STREX 10.137 SUB 10.138 SUBS pc, lr 10.139 SVC 10.140 SWP and SWPB 10.141 SXTAB 10.142 SXTAB16 10.143 SXTAH 10.144 SXTB 10.145 SXTB16 10.146 SXTH 10.147 SYS 10.148 TBB and TBH 10.149 TEQ 10.150 TST 10.151 UADD8 10.152 UADD16 10.153 UASX 10.154 UBFX 10.155 UDIV 10.156 UHADD8 10.157 UHADD16 10.158 UHASX 10.159 UHSAX 10.160 UHSUB8 10.161 UHSUB16 10.162 UMAAL 10.163 UMLAL 10.164 UMULL 10.165 UND pseudo-instruction 10.166 UQADD8 10.167 UQADD16 10.168 UQASX 10.169 UQSAX 10.170 UQSUB8 10.171 UQSUB16 10.172 USAD8 10.173 USADA8 10.174 USAT 10.175 USAT16 10.176 USAX 10.177 USUB8 10.178 USUB16 10.179 UXTAB 10.180 UXTAB16 10.181 UXTAH 10.182 UXTB 10.183 UXTB16 10.184 UXTH 10.185 WFE 10.186 WFI 10.187 YIELD 11 VFP Instructions 11.1 Summary of VFP instructions 11.2 VABS (floating-point) 11.3 VADD (floating-point) 11.4 VCMP, VCMPE 11.5 VCVT (between single-precision and double-precision) 11.6 VCVT (between floating-point and integer) 11.7 VCVT (between floating-point and fixed-point) 11.8 VCVTB, VCVTT (half-precision extension) 11.9 VDIV 11.10 VFMA, VFMS, VFNMA, VFNMS (floating-point) 11.11 VLDM (floating-point) 11.12 VLDR (floating-point) 11.13 VLDR (post-increment and pre-decrement, floating-point) 11.14 VLDR pseudo-instruction 11.15 VMLA (floating-point) 11.16 VMLS (floating-point) 11.17 VMOV (floating-point) 11.18 VMOV (between one ARM register and single precision VFP) 11.19 VMOV (between two ARM registers and one or two extension registers) 11.20 VMOV (between an ARM register and half a double precision VFP register) 11.21 VMRS 11.22 VMSR 11.23 VMUL (floating-point) 11.24 VNEG (floating-point) 11.25 VNMLA (floating-point) 11.26 VNMLS (floating-point) 11.27 VNMUL (floating-point) 11.28 VPOP (floating-point) 11.29 VPUSH (floating-point) 11.30 VSQRT 11.31 VSTM (floating-point) 11.32 VSTR (floating-point) 11.33 VSTR (post-increment and pre-decrement, floating-point) 11.34 VSUB (floating-point) 12 Directives Reference 12.1 Alphabetical list of directives 12.2 About assembly control directives 12.3 About frame directives 12.4 ALIAS 12.5 ALIGN 12.6 AREA 12.7 ARM or CODE32 12.8 ASSERT 12.9 ATTR 12.10 CN 12.11 CODE16 12.12 COMMON 12.13 CP 12.14 DATA 12.15 DCB 12.16 DCD and DCDU 12.17 DCDO 12.18 DCFD and DCFDU 12.19 DCFS and DCFSU 12.20 DCI 12.21 DCQ and DCQU 12.22 DCW and DCWU 12.23 DN and SN 12.24 END 12.25 ENDFUNC or ENDP 12.26 ENTRY 12.27 EQU 12.28 EXPORT or GLOBAL 12.29 EXPORTAS 12.30 FIELD 12.31 FRAME ADDRESS 12.32 FRAME POP 12.33 FRAME PUSH 12.34 FRAME REGISTER 12.35 FRAME RESTORE 12.36 FRAME RETURN ADDRESS 12.37 FRAME SAVE 12.38 FRAME STATE REMEMBER 12.39 FRAME STATE RESTORE 12.40 FRAME UNWIND ON 12.41 FRAME UNWIND OFF 12.42 FUNCTION or PROC 12.43 GBLA, GBLL, and GBLS 12.44 GET or INCLUDE 12.45 IF, ELSE, ENDIF, and ELIF 12.46 IMPORT and EXTERN 12.47 INCBIN 12.48 INFO 12.49 KEEP 12.50 LCLA, LCLL, and LCLS 12.51 LTORG 12.52 MACRO and MEND 12.53 MAP 12.54 MEXIT 12.55 NOFP 12.56 OPT 12.57 RELOC 12.58 REQUIRE 12.59 REQUIRE8 and PRESERVE8 12.60 RLIST 12.61 RN 12.62 ROUT 12.63 SETA, SETL, and SETS 12.64 SPACE or FILL 12.65 THUMB 12.66 THUMBX 12.67 TTL and SUBT 12.68 WHILE and WEND 13 Via File Syntax 13.1 Overview of via files 13.2 Via file syntax rules List of Figures 2-1 Organization of general-purpose registers and Program Status Registers 8-1 VFP extension register bank 8-2 VFPv2 register banks 8-3 VFPv3 register banks 10-1 ASR #3 10-2 LSR #3 10-3 LSL #3 10-4 ROR #3 10-5 RRX List of Tables 2-1 ARM processor modes 2-2 Predeclared core registers 2-3 Predeclared extension registers 2-4 Predeclared coprocessor registers 2-5 Instruction groups 4-1 ARM state immediate values (8-bit) 4-2 ARM state immediate values in MOV instructions 4-3 32-bit Thumb immediate values 4-4 32-bit Thumb immediate values in MOV instructions 4-5 Stack-oriented suffixes and equivalent addressing mode suffixes 4-6 Suffixes for load and store multiple instructions 4-7 Changes from earlier ARM assembly language 4-8 Relaxation of requirements 4-9 Differences between pre-UAL Thumb syntax and UAL syntax 5-1 Condition code suffixes and related flags 5-2 Condition codes 5-3 Conditional branches only 5-4 All instructions conditional 6-1 Built-in variables 6-2 Built-in Boolean constants 6-3 Predefined macros 6-4 {TARGET_ARCH_ARM} in relation to {TARGET_ARCH_THUMB} 6-5 Command-line options 6-6 armcc equivalent command-line options 7-1 Unary operators that return strings 7-2 Unary operators that return numeric or logical values 7-3 Multiplicative operators 7-4 String manipulation operators 7-5 Shift operators 7-6 Addition, subtraction, and logical operators 7-7 Relational operators 7-8 Boolean operators 7-9 Operator precedence in ARM assembly language 7-10 Operator precedence in C 8-1 VFP data type specifiers 8-2 Pre-UAL VFP mnemonics 8-3 Floating-point values for use with FCONST 9-1 Compatible processor or architecture combinations 9-2 Severity of diagnostic messages 9-3 Specifying a command-line option and an AREA directive for GNU-stack sections 10-1 Summary of ARM and Thumb instructions 10-2 Condition code suffixes 10-3 PC-relative offsets 10-4 Register-relative offsets 10-5 B instruction availability and range 10-6 BL instruction availability and range 10-7 BLX instruction availability and range 10-8 BX instruction availability and range 10-9 BXJ instruction availability and range 10-10 Offsets and architectures, LDR, word, halfword, and byte 10-11 PC-relative offsets 10-12 Options and architectures, LDR (register offsets) 10-13 Register-relative offsets 10-14 Offsets and architectures, LDR (User mode) 10-15 Offsets and architectures, STR, word, halfword, and byte 10-16 Options and architectures, STR (register offsets) 10-17 Offsets and architectures, STR (User mode) 10-18 Range and encoding of expr 11-1 Summary of VFP instructions 12-1 List of directives 12-2 OPT directive settings

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