使用numpy手写一个神经网络

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-22 12:48:52 发布

Mobius8086

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-22 12:48:52 发布

阅读量1.8k

点赞数 25

分类专栏：机器学习文章标签： numpy 神经网络人工智能

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43589323/article/details/139246510

版权

机器学习专栏收录该内容

9 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

本文主要包含以下内容：

推导神经网络的误差反向传播过程
使用numpy编写简单的神经网络，并使用iris数据集和california_housing数据集分别进行分类和回归任务，最终将训练过程可视化。

1. BP算法的推导过程

1.1 导入

前向传播和反向传播的总体过程。

神经网络的直接输出记为 $Z^{[l]}$ ，表示激活前的输出，激活后的输出记为 $A$ 。

第一个图像是神经网络的前向传递和反向传播的过程，第二个图像用于解释中间的变量关系，第三个图像是前向和后向过程的计算图，方便进行推导，但是第三个图左下角的 $A^{[l-2]}$ 有错误，应该是 $A^{[l-1]}$ 。

1.2 符号表

为了方便进行推导，有必要对各个符号进行介绍

符号表

记号	含义
$n_l$	第 $l$ 层神经元个数
$f_l(\cdot)$	第 $l$ 层神经元的激活函数
$\mathbf{W}^l\in\R^{n_{l-1}\times n_{l}}$	第 $l - 1$ 层到第 $l$ 层的权重矩阵
$\mathbf{b}^l \in \R^{n_l}$	第 $l - 1$ 层到第 $l$ 层的偏置
$\mathbf{Z}^l \in \R^{n_l}$	第 $l$ 层的净输出，没有经过激活的输出
$\mathbf{A}^l \in \R^{n_l}$	第 $l$ 层经过激活函数的输出， $A^0=X$

深层的神经网络都是由一个一个单层网络堆叠起来的，于是我们可以写出神经网络最基本的结构，然后进行堆叠得到深层的神经网络。

于是，我们可以开始编写代码，通过一个类Layer来描述单个神经网络层

class Layer:
    def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim):
        # 初始化参数
        self.W = np.random.randn(input_dim, output_dim) * 0.01
        self.b = np.zeros((1, output_dim))
        
    def forward(self, X):
        # 前向计算
        self.Z = np.dot(X, self.W) + self.b
        self.A = self.activation(self.Z)
        return self.A
    
    def backward(self, dA, A_prev, activation_derivative):
        # 反向传播
        # 计算公式推导见下方
        m = A_prev.shape[0]
        self.dZ = dA * activation_derivative(self.Z)
        self.dW = np.dot(A_prev.T, self.dZ) / m
        self.db = np.sum(self.dZ, axis=0, keepdims=True) / m
        dA_prev = np.dot(self.dZ, self.W.T)
        return dA_prev
    
    def update_parameters(self, learning_rate):
        # 参数更新
        self.W -= learning_rate * self.dW
        self.b -= learning_rate * self.db
        

# 带有ReLU激活函数的Layer
class ReLULayer(Layer):
    def activation(self, Z):
        return np.maximum(0, Z)
    
    def activation_derivative(self, Z):
        return (Z > 0).astype(float)
    
# 带有Softmax激活函数（主要用于分类）的Layer
class SoftmaxLayer(Layer):
    def activation(self, Z):
        exp_z = np.exp(Z - np.max(Z, axis=1, keepdims=True))
        return exp_z / np.sum(exp_z, axis=1, keepdims=True)
    
    def activation_derivative(self, Z):
        # Softmax derivative is more complex, not directly used in this form.
        return np.ones_like(Z)

1.3 推导过程

权重更新的核心在于计算得到self.dW和self.db，同时，为了将梯度信息不断回传，需要backward函数返回梯度信息dA_prev。

需要用到的公式
$Z^l = W^l A^{l-1} +b^l \\A^l = f(Z^l)\\\frac{dZ}{dW} = (A^{l-1})^T \\\frac{dZ}{db} = 1$
解释：

从上方计算图右侧的反向传播过程可以看到，来自于上一层的梯度信息dA经过dZ之后直接传递到db，也经过dU之后传递到dW，于是我们可以得到dW和db的梯度计算公式如下：
$\begin{align}dW &= dA \cdot \frac{dA}{dZ} \cdot \frac{dZ}{dW}\\ &= dA \cdot f'(dZ) \cdot A_{prev}^T \\ \end{align}$
其中， $f(\cdot)$ 是激活函数， $f'(\cdot)$ 是激活函数的导数， $A_{prev}^T$ 是当前层上一层激活输出的转置。

同理，可以得到
$\begin{align}db &= dA \cdot \frac{dA}{dZ} \cdot \frac{dZ}{db}\\ &= dA \cdot f'(dZ) \\ \end{align}$
需要仅需往前传递的梯度信息：
$\begin{align}dA_{prev} &= dA \cdot \frac{dA}{dZ} \cdot \frac{dZ}{A_{prev}}\\ &= dA \cdot f'(dZ) \cdot W^T \\ \end{align}$
所以，经过上述推导，我们可以将梯度信息从后向前传递。

分类损失函数

分类过程的损失函数最常见的就是交叉熵损失了，用来计算模型输出分布和真实值之间的差异，其公式如下：
$-\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^C{y_{ij} log(\hat{y_{ij}})}$
其中， $N$ 表示样本个数， $C$ 表示类别个数， $y_{ij}$ 表示第i个样本的第j个位置的值，由于使用了独热编码，因此每一行仅有1个数字是1，其余全部是0，所以，交叉熵损失每次需要对第 $i$ 个样本不为0的位置的概率计算对数，然后将所有所有概率取平均值的负数。

交叉熵损失函数的梯度可以简洁地使用如下符号表示：
$\nabla_zL = \mathbf{\hat{y}} - \mathbf{{y}}$

回归损失函数

均方差损失函数由于良好的性能被回归问题广泛采用，其公式如下：
$\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N(y_i - \hat{y_i})^2$
向量形式：
$\frac{1}{N} ||\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{\hat{y}}||^2_2$
梯度计算：
$\nabla_{\hat{y}}L = \frac{2}{N}(\mathbf{\hat{y}} - \mathbf{y})$

2 代码

2.1 分类代码

import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

class Layer:
    def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim):
        self.W = np.random.randn(input_dim, output_dim) * 0.01
        self.b = np.zeros((1, output_dim))
        
    def forward(self, X):
        self.Z = np.dot(X, self.W) + self.b     # 激活前的输出
        self.A = self.activation(self.Z)        # 激活后的输出
        return self.A
    
    def backward(self, dA, A_prev, activation_derivative):
        # 注意：梯度信息是反向传递的: l+1 --> l --> l-1
        # A_prev是第l-1层的输出，也即A^{l-1}
        # dA是第l+1的层反向传递的梯度信息
        # activation_derivative是激活函数的导数
        # dA_prev是传递给第l-1层的梯度信息
        m = A_prev.shape[0]
        self.dZ = dA * activation_derivative(self.Z)
        self.dW = np.dot(A_prev.T, self.dZ) / m
        self.db = np.sum(self.dZ, axis=0, keepdims=True) / m
        dA_prev = np.dot(self.dZ, self.W.T) # 反向传递给下一层的梯度信息
        return dA_prev
    
    def update_parameters(self, learning_rate):
        self.W -= learning_rate * self.dW
        self.b -= learning_rate * self.db

class ReLULayer(Layer):
    def activation(self, Z):
        return np.maximum(0, Z)
    
    def activation_derivative(self, Z):
        return (Z > 0).astype(float)

class SoftmaxLayer(Layer):
    def activation(self, Z):
        exp_z = np.exp(Z - np.max(Z, axis=1, keepdims=True))
        return exp_z / np.sum(exp_z, axis=1, keepdims=True)
    
    def activation_derivative(self, Z):
        # Softmax derivative is more complex, not directly used in this form.
        return np.ones_like(Z)

class NeuralNetwork:
    def __init__(self, layer_dims, learning_rate=0.01):
        self.layers = []
        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
        for i in range(len(layer_dims) - 2):
            self.layers.append(ReLULayer(layer_dims[i], layer_dims[i + 1]))
        self.layers.append(SoftmaxLayer(layer_dims[-2], layer_dims[-1]))
    
    def cross_entropy_loss(self, y_true, y_pred):
        n_samples = y_true.shape[0]
        y_pred_clipped = np.clip(y_pred, 1e-12, 1 - 1e-12)
        return -np.sum(y_true * np.log(y_pred_clipped)) / n_samples
    
    def accuracy(self, y_true, y_pred):
        y_true_labels = np.argmax(y_true, axis=1)
        y_pred_labels = np.argmax(y_pred, axis=1)
        return np.mean(y_true_labels == y_pred_labels)
    
    def train(self, X, y, epochs):
        loss_history = []
        for epoch in range(epochs):
            A = X
            # Forward propagation
            cache = [A]
            for layer in self.layers:
                A = layer.forward(A)
                cache.append(A)
            
            loss = self.cross_entropy_loss(y, A)
            loss_history.append(loss)
            
            # Backward propagation
            # 损失函数求导
            dA = A - y
            for i in reversed(range(len(self.layers))):
                layer = self.layers[i]
                A_prev = cache[i]
                dA = layer.backward(dA, A_prev, layer.activation_derivative)
            
            # Update parameters
            for layer in self.layers:
                layer.update_parameters(self.learning_rate)
            
            if (epoch + 1) % 100 == 0:
                print(f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}, Loss: {loss:.4f}')
        
        return loss_history
    
    def predict(self, X):
        A = X
        for layer in self.layers:
            A = layer.forward(A)
        return A

# 导入数据
iris = load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target.reshape(-1, 1)

# One hot encoding
encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False)
y = encoder.fit_transform(y)

# 分割数据
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# 定义并训练神经网络
layer_dims = [X_train.shape[1], 100, 20, y_train.shape[1]]  # Example with 2 hidden layers
learning_rate = 0.01
epochs = 5000

nn = NeuralNetwork(layer_dims, learning_rate)
loss_history = nn.train(X_train, y_train, epochs)

# 预测和评估
train_predictions = nn.predict(X_train)
test_predictions = nn.predict(X_test)

train_acc = nn.accuracy(y_train, train_predictions)
test_acc = nn.accuracy(y_test, test_predictions)

print(f'Training Accuracy: {train_acc:.4f}')
print(f'Test Accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}')

# 绘制损失曲线
plt.plot(loss_history)
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.title('Loss Curve')
plt.show()

输出

Epoch 100/1000, Loss: 1.0983
Epoch 200/1000, Loss: 1.0980
Epoch 300/1000, Loss: 1.0975
Epoch 400/1000, Loss: 1.0960
Epoch 500/1000, Loss: 1.0891
Epoch 600/1000, Loss: 1.0119
Epoch 700/1000, Loss: 0.6284
Epoch 800/1000, Loss: 0.3711
Epoch 900/1000, Loss: 0.2117
Epoch 1000/1000, Loss: 0.1290
Training Accuracy: 0.9833
Test Accuracy: 1.0000

在这里插入图片描述
可以看到经过1000轮迭代，最终的准确率到达100%。

回归代码

import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing


class Layer:
    def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim):
        self.W = np.random.randn(input_dim, output_dim) * 0.01
        self.b = np.zeros((1, output_dim))
        
    def forward(self, X):
        self.Z = np.dot(X, self.W) + self.b
        self.A = self.activation(self.Z)
        return self.A
    
    def backward(self, dA, X, activation_derivative):
        m = X.shape[0]
        self.dZ = dA * activation_derivative(self.Z)
        self.dW = np.dot(X.T, self.dZ) / m
        self.db = np.sum(self.dZ, axis=0, keepdims=True) / m
        dA_prev = np.dot(self.dZ, self.W.T)
        return dA_prev
    
    def update_parameters(self, learning_rate):
        self.W -= learning_rate * self.dW
        self.b -= learning_rate * self.db

class ReLULayer(Layer):
    def activation(self, Z):
        return np.maximum(0, Z)
    
    def activation_derivative(self, Z):
        return (Z > 0).astype(float)

class LinearLayer(Layer):
    def activation(self, Z):
        return Z
    
    def activation_derivative(self, Z):
        return np.ones_like(Z)

class NeuralNetwork:
    def __init__(self, layer_dims, learning_rate=0.01):
        self.layers = []
        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
        for i in range(len(layer_dims) - 2):
            self.layers.append(ReLULayer(layer_dims[i], layer_dims[i + 1]))
        self.layers.append(LinearLayer(layer_dims[-2], layer_dims[-1]))
    
    def mean_squared_error(self, y_true, y_pred):
        return np.mean((y_true - y_pred) ** 2)
    
    def train(self, X, y, epochs):
        loss_history = []
        for epoch in range(epochs):
            A = X
            # Forward propagation
            cache = [A]
            for layer in self.layers:
                A = layer.forward(A)
                cache.append(A)
            
            loss = self.mean_squared_error(y, A)
            loss_history.append(loss)
            
            # Backward propagation
            # 损失函数求导
            dA = -(y - A)
            for i in reversed(range(len(self.layers))):
                layer = self.layers[i]
                A_prev = cache[i]
                dA = layer.backward(dA, A_prev, layer.activation_derivative)
            
            # Update parameters
            for layer in self.layers:
                layer.update_parameters(self.learning_rate)
            
            if (epoch + 1) % 100 == 0:
                print(f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}, Loss: {loss:.4f}')
        
        return loss_history
    
    def predict(self, X):
        A = X
        for layer in self.layers:
            A = layer.forward(A)
        return A

housing = fetch_california_housing()

# 导入数据
X = housing.data
y = housing.target.reshape(-1, 1)

# 标准化
scaler_X = StandardScaler()
scaler_y = StandardScaler()
X = scaler_X.fit_transform(X)
y = scaler_y.fit_transform(y)

# 分割数据
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# 定义并训练神经网络
layer_dims = [X_train.shape[1], 50, 5, 1]  # Example with 2 hidden layers
learning_rate = 0.8
epochs = 1000

nn = NeuralNetwork(layer_dims, learning_rate)
loss_history = nn.train(X_train, y_train, epochs)

# 预测和评估
train_predictions = nn.predict(X_train)
test_predictions = nn.predict(X_test)

train_mse = nn.mean_squared_error(y_train, train_predictions)
test_mse = nn.mean_squared_error(y_test, test_predictions)

print(f'Training MSE: {train_mse:.4f}')
print(f'Test MSE: {test_mse:.4f}')

# 绘制损失曲线
plt.plot(loss_history)
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.title('Loss Curve')
plt.show()

输出

Epoch 100/1000, Loss: 1.0038
Epoch 200/1000, Loss: 0.9943
Epoch 300/1000, Loss: 0.3497
Epoch 400/1000, Loss: 0.3306
Epoch 500/1000, Loss: 0.3326
Epoch 600/1000, Loss: 0.3206
Epoch 700/1000, Loss: 0.3125
Epoch 800/1000, Loss: 0.3057
Epoch 900/1000, Loss: 0.2999
Epoch 1000/1000, Loss: 0.2958
Training MSE: 0.2992
Test MSE: 0.3071