双线性插值
双线性插值假定每个方向都呈线性变化。
用 f ( x 1 , y 1 ) f(x_1,y_1) f(x1,y1)表示位置 ( x 1 , y 1 ) (x_1,y_1) (x1,y1) 处的值，相当于一共三个维度，固定一个维度，根据另外两个维度的两个点确定一条直线，两个蓝色点 ( x , y 1 ) (x, y_1) (x,y1) 和 ( x , y 2 ) (x, y_2) (x,y2) 分别在 l i n e 1 \color{blue}line_1 line1和 l i n e 2 \color{blue}line_2 line2，红色点 ( x , y ) (x, y) (x,y) 在 l i n e 3 \color{red}line_3 line3上，也就是插值位置 ，最后求 f ( x , y ) \color{red}\boxed{f\left(x,y\right)} f(x,y)
固定
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\left\{ \begin{aligned} \left(x_1,f(x_1,y_1)\right)\;\;\;\left(x_2,f(x_2,y_1)\right)\to line_1\\ \left(x_1,f(x_1,y_2)\right)\;\;\;\left(x_2,f(x_2,y_2)\right)\to line_2 \end{aligned} \right.
{(x1,f(x1,y1))(x2,f(x2,y1))→line1(x1,f(x1,y2))(x2,f(x2,y2))→line2
固定
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\left(y_1,f(x,y_1)\right)、\left(y_2,f(x,y_2)\right)\to line_3
(y1,f(x,y1))、(y2,f(x,y2))→line3
推导整理三条直线得到：
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\begin{aligned} &\boxed{ \begin{aligned} \color{blue}f\left(x,y_1\right) &\approx \frac{x_{2}-x}{x_{2}-x_{1}} f\left(x_1,y_1\right)+\frac{x-x_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}} f\left(x_2,y_1\right) \quad \color{blue}\text{$line_1$}\\ \color{blue}f\left(x,y_2\right) &\approx \frac{x_{2}-x}{x_{2}-x_{1}} f\left(x_1,y_2\right)+\frac{x-x_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}} f\left(x_2,y_2\right) \quad \color{blue}\text{$line_2$}\\ \color{red}f(x,y) &\approx \frac{y_{2}-y}{y_{2}-y_{1}} {\color{blue}f\left(x,y_1\right)}+\frac{y-y_{1}}{y_{2}-y_{1}} {\color{blue}f\left(x,y_2\right)} \qquad \color{red}\text{$line_3$} \end{aligned} }\\ &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad \color{blue}\Downarrow\\ \color{red}f(x, y) &\approx \frac{f\left(x_1,y_1\right)}{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)}\left(x_{2}-x\right)\left(y_{2}-y\right)+\frac{f\left(x_2,y_1\right)}{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)}\left(x-x_{1}\right)\left(y_{2}-y\right) \\ &+\frac{f\left(x_1,y_2\right)}{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)}\left(x_{2}-x\right)\left(y-y_{1}\right)+\frac{f\left(x_2,y_2\right)}{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)}\left(x-x_{1}\right)\left(y-y_{1}\right) \end{aligned}
f(x,y)f(x,y1)f(x,y2)f(x,y)≈x2−x1x2−xf(x1,y1)+x2−x1x−x1f(x2,y1)line1≈x2−x1x2−xf(x1,y2)+x2−x1x−x1f(x2,y2)line2≈y2−y1y2−yf(x,y1)+y2−y1y−y1f(x,y2)line3⇓≈(x2−x1)(y2−y1)f(x1,y1)(x2−x)(y2−y)+(x2−x1)(y2−y1)f(x2,y1)(x−x1)(y2−y)+(x2−x1)(y2−y1)f(x1,y2)(x2−x)(y−y1)+(x2−x1)(y2−y1)f(x2,y2)(x−x1)(y−y1)
如果四个顶点间的间隔都是单位长度，即：
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x_2-x_1=1,\;\;\; y_2-y_1=1
x2−x1=1,y2−y1=1，则有：
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\begin{aligned} {\color{red}f(x, y)} \approx{f\left(x_1,y_1\right)}\underbrace{\left(x_{2}-x\right)\left(y_{2}-y\right)}_{S_4} +{f\left(x_2,y_1\right)}\underbrace{\left(x-x_{1}\right)\left(y_{2}-y\right)}_{S_3} \\ +{f\left(x_1,y_2\right)}\underbrace{\left(x_{2}-x\right)\left(y-y_{1}\right)}_{S_2}+{f\left(x_2,y_2\right)}\underbrace{\left(x-x_{1}\right)\left(y-y_{1}\right)}_{S_1} \end{aligned}
f(x,y)≈f(x1,y1)S4
(x2−x)(y2−y)+f(x2,y1)S3
(x−x1)(y2−y)+f(x1,y2)S2
(x2−x)(y−y1)+f(x2,y2)S1
(x−x1)(y−y1)
其中
S
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S 表示面积，离插值位置越近的点的权重越高
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