Radar's past and present life

The research report about radar’s Past and
Present Life
电子科技大学 格拉斯哥学院2017级 宋玉凯， 同组同学 无·

Abstract
Radar is widely used as a dual-purpose
electronic sensor. Its primary task is to detect the target. It requires that
the target can be detected, identified and tracked in a certain range in a
complex environment with a certain data rate. However, with the complexity of
the environment, the diversity of targets and tasks, especially some stealth
targets, the emergence of low-altitude, low-speed, high-altitude and high-speed
targets, has promoted the continuous development of radar technology. In order
to learn more about radar’s history and its development, I do this research report
all by myself.

Key words: radar, complex environment, antenna, anti-jamming, mm wave radar

Body:

Past life/History of radar development

1.1
Overview of Radar Development:

In 1864, British
physicist J. C. axwell put forward the theory of electromagnetic field and
foresaw the existence of electromagnetic waves. Heinrich Hertz, a German,
proved the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments in 1886, and
verified the characteristics of the generation, acceptance and scattering of
electromagnetic waves. In 1903, Christian Hulsmeyer, a German, developed and
patented the original marine collision avoidance radar. In 1922, M. G. Marconi
proposed to use shortwave radio to detect objects when accepting the honorary
Medal of the Society of Radio Engineers. In 1922, A. H. Taylor and L. C. of the
Naval Research Lab. detected a wooden boat using a continuous wave experimental
device with a wavelength of 5 meters. Since there was no effective isolation
method at that time, the transceivers could only be divided, which was actually
a kind of bistatic radar. In 1924, Edward Appleton and M. A. Bartel of England
designed a cathode ray tube with a screen to detect the height of the
atmosphere. In 1925, G. Bryant and M. Dewey of Hopkins University in Britain
first observed the short-wave narrow pulse echoes reflected from the ionosphere
on the cathode ray tube fluorescent screen. In 1930, Hanland of the US Naval
Research Laboratory detected the aircraft using continuous wave radar. In 1934,
R. M. Page of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took the first short-pulse
photograph of a single plane reflecting back 1.6 kilometers away. 1935.2 The
British detected a bomber 60 kilometers away with a 12 MHz radar. In the same
year, the British and Germans first verified the short pulse ranging of
aircraft targets. In 1937, the first radar-usable Chain Home designed by Robert
Watson Watt was built in Britain, where the combat radar network Chain was
officially deployed. The first practical SCR-268 anti-aircraft fire control
radar was manufactured by American Signal Company in 1938. It was equipped with
the US Army Communications Corps. The radar operates at 205 MHz and detects a
distance of more than 180 km. SCR-268 air defense fire control radar must rely
on auxiliary optical tracking to improve its angular measurement accuracy. When
working at night, it must use the searchlight synchronized with the radar beam.
In 1938, American Radio Corporation (RCA) developed the first practical XAF
shipborne radar. In 1939, Britain installed a 200 MHz radar on its aircraft to
monitor invading aircraft. This is the first airborne early warning radar in
the world. From 1950s to 1980s, air defense operations put forward higher
requirements for radar precise guidance technology. Full-coherent microwave
radar with high stability and reliability gradually replaced non-coherent
microwave radar. Its technical characteristics are mainly semiconductor and
full-coherent. From 1980s to 1990s, in order to meet the requirements of modern
air warfare for high precision, high anti-jamming ability, high reliability,
high resolution and multi-target tracking ability of radar, large-scale
integrated circuits, all-solid-state and phased array technology have been
developed to effectively deal with low altitude and high speed targets in
complex electromagnetic environment. Requirement. At the beginning of this
century, radar technology is mainly developing towards multi-function, adaptive
and target recognition to cope with the emergence of stealth targets,
high-altitude high-speed targets and low-altitude low-speed targets.

Present life

2.1 Radar band
expansion:

The working frequency band of radar continues to expand in
two directions: high-end, millimeter wave, infrared and lidar, low-end to VHF,
UHF and HF bands. Radar target
recognition. According to radar observation data and target information
extracted from radar echo, it is an important research topic in the development
of radar to classify and recognize targets, distinguish target attributes and
distinguish true and false targets.

2.2 Radar imaging
technology:

Using large instantaneous bandwidth signal, high resolution
one-dimensional imaging of target can be achieved. At the same time, synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) based on
synthetic aperture antenna principle can obtain high two-dimensional
resolution. This greatly improves the application range of radar. Phased array antenna technology. In
addition to low or ultra-low sidelobe antennas, the development of active
phased array antennas, conformal phased array antennas and broadband phased
array antennas is of great significance. As the basis of this kind of phased
array antenna, high performance, high reliability and low cost
transmitting/receiving components, digital beamforming (DBF) technology,
digital generation and processing technology of large time, broadband and wide
product signals, adaptive beamforming technology are developing rapidly. Advanced signal processing and data
processing technology. With the rapid development of computer and integrated
circuit technology, real-time processing of high-speed and large-capacity
parallel processing becomes possible. After using the phased array antenna, the
spatial filtering ability of the phased array is combined with the digital
beamforming technology, and a signal processing antenna with various adaptive
abilities is produced, which has great potential for improving the radar
performance.

2.3
Radar System Modeling and Simulation Technology: The high target requirement of
radar makes the development cycle of new radar longer. With the rapid
development of computer simulation technology nowadays, not only can we
determine reasonable radar tactical and technical indicators, shorten the
design cycle of radar, but also can speed up the debugging cycle of radar
subsystems and the whole machine, and greatly shorten the software optimization
process of complex radar.

2.4 New technology, structure and materials of
radar: In order to make the radar have high
maneuverability, reduce the size and weight limitations encountered in the
installation of some complex combat platforms and the impact of harsh physical
environment, and solve the problems of high-power heat dissipation, new
technology, new structure and new materials must be adopted. This is also an
important measure to shorten the radar development cycle and reduce the
cost.

2.5
mm wave radar:

Radar working in millimeter wave band is
called millimeter wave radar. It has the characteristics of narrow antenna
beam, high resolution, wide bandwidth and strong anti-jamming ability. At the
same time, it works outside the current band that stealth technology can confront,
so it can detect stealth targets. Millimeter-wave radar also has the ability to
be especially suitable for air defense, ground operations and smart weapons,
and has received the attention of debugging in various countries. For example,
American Patriot air defense missiles have installed millimeter wave radar
seekers and are currently developing more advanced millimeter wave seekers;
Russia has a millimeter wave radar with a continuous wave output power of 10
kilowatts; and some air defense systems in Britain, France and other countries
will also use millimeter wave radar.

2.6
laser radar:

Radars operating in infrared and visible
light bands are called lidars. It consists of a laser transmitter, an optical
receiver, a turntable and an information processing system. The laser transmits
electrical pulses into optical pulses, and the optical receiver returns the
reflected optical pulses to electrical pulses and sends them to the display.
Stealth weapons are usually aimed at microwave radar, so lidar can easily
“see through” the “trick” played by stealth targets; in
addition, lidar has narrow beam, good orientation, high measurement accuracy
and high resolution, so it can effectively detect stealth targets. Lidar is
mainly used for range measurement, space target intersection measurement,
target precise tracking and aiming, target imaging recognition, navigation,
precise guidance, integrated fire control, helicopter collision avoidance,
chemical warfare agent monitoring, local wind field measurement, underwater
target detection and so on. The U.S. Department of Defense is developing lidar
technology for target detection and recognition, and has conducted
forward-looking/down-looking lidar experiments to detect targets in camouflaged
trees. France and Germany are actively engaged in joint research on helicopter
detection and identification using lidar. 2.7 Phased Array Radar:

We know that each eye of a dragonfly is
composed of many small eyes, each of which can form a complete image, so that
the dragonfly can see a much larger range than the human eye. Similarly, the
antenna array of phased array radar consists of many radiation units and
receiving units (called array elements). The number of units is related to the
function of radar, which can range from hundreds to tens of thousands. These
elements are arranged regularly on the plane to form an array antenna. By using
the principle of electromagnetic wave coherence and controlling the phase of
the current fed to each radiation unit by computer, the direction of the beam
can be changed for scanning, so it is called electrical scanning. The radiation
unit transmits the received echo signal to the host computer to complete the
radar target search, tracking and measurement. Every antenna unit has not only
antenna oscillator, but also phase shifter and other necessary devices.
Different oscillators can be fed into different phases of the current through
the phase shifter, thus radiating different directional beams in space. The
more the number of antenna elements, the more the possible orientation of the
beam in space. This kind of radar is based on a phase-controllable array
antenna, which is named phased array.
The advantages of phased array radar are as follows: (1) Beam pointing is flexible, it
can realize fast scanning without inertia and has high data rate. (2) A radar can form multiple
independent beams at the same time, which can realize many functions such as
search, recognition, tracking, guidance, passive detection and so on. (3) The target has large capacity
and can monitor and track hundreds of targets simultaneously in the
airspace. (4) Strong
adaptability to complex target environment; (5) Good anti-jamming performance.
All-solid-state phased array radar has high reliability and can work normally
even if a small number of components fail. However, the phased array radar
equipment is complex and expensive, and the beam scanning range is limited. The
maximum scanning angle is 90 ~120. When all-round surveillance is needed, 3 to
4 antenna arrays are needed.
Compared with mechanical scanning radar, phased array radar has more
flexible scanning, more reliable performance, stronger anti-jamming ability,
and can quickly adapt to changes in battlefield conditions. Multifunctional
phased array radar has been widely used in ground long-range early warning
system, airborne and shipborne air defense system, airborne and shipborne
systems, gun position measurement, range measurement and so on. The AN/MPQ-53
radar of the American Patriot air defense system, the radar of the command and
control system of the ship-borne Aegis, the APQ-164 radar of the B-1B bomber
and the multi-function radar of the Russian C-300 air defense weapon system are
all typical phased array radar. With the development of microelectronics
technology, solid-state active phased array radar has been widely used. It is a
new generation of tactical air defense, surveillance and fire control radar.

2.8
Broadband/UWB Radar:

Radar with wide working frequency band is
called broadband/ultra-wideband radar. Stealth weapons are usually effective
against radars operating in a certain band, but they are powerless against
radars with a wide coverage band. They are likely to be detected by
electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency in UWB radar waves. On the other
hand, UWB radar emits very narrow pulses, has a fairly high range resolution,
and can detect small targets. At present, the United States is developing and
testing ultra-wideband radar, has completed the research of moving target
display technology, will carry out radar waveform test. 2.9 SAR:

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is usually
installed on mobile air or space platforms. Using relative motion between radar
and target, coherent processing of target echo signals received by radar at
different positions is equivalent to installing a “large” radar in
the air, so that small aperture antenna can obtain large aperture. The
detection effect of the antenna has a high azimuth resolution of the target,
and the application of pulse compression technology can achieve a high range
resolution, so it can detect stealth targets. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is
widely used in military and civil fields, such as battlefield reconnaissance,
fire control, guidance, navigation, resource survey, map mapping, ocean
surveillance, environmental remote sensing, etc. A new AN/APY3 X-band
multi-function synthetic aperture radar has been installed on the aircraft of
the United States Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System. The
Tornado Attacker jointly developed by Britain, Germany and Italy is flying the
synthetic aperture radar.

Method

3.1
I do this research report mainly by reading the essays on the internet and ask the
pprofessor i

summary

With the development of the times and the
progress of science and technology, radar has become more and more advanced and
powerful. It is believed that with the support of these new technologies, radar
will play an increasingly important role in modern warfare.

Reference

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