Python神经网络编程（手写数字识别）

代码来源：《Python神经网络编程》
手写数据集下载地址: 1.训练数据集 2.测试数据集

摘要

本文代码主要讲解基于Python的简单神经网络构建用于识别手写数据集，类模块具有通用性，在分析清楚问题后可以加以改动，运用于其他方面。

代码

import numpy
# scipy.special for the sigmoid function expit()
import scipy.special
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


# neural network class definition
class neuralNetwork:
    # initialise the neural network
    def __init__(self, inputnodes, hiddennodes, outputnodes, learningrate):
        # set number of nodes in each input, hidden, output layer
        self.inodes = inputnodes
        self.hnodes = hiddennodes
        self.onodes = outputnodes

        # link weight matrices, wih and who
        # weight inside the arrays are w_i_j, where link is from node i to node j in the next layer
        # w11 w21
        # w12 w22 etc
        # 创建的两个链接权重矩阵
        # self.wih = (numpy.random.rand(self.hnodes, self.inodes) - 0.5)
        # self.who = (numpy.random.rand(self.onodes, self.hnodes) - 0.5)
        # 正态分布初始化值，第一个参数表示正态分布中心，第二个参数表示标准方差，第三个参数表示形状
        self.wih = numpy.random.normal(0.0, pow(self.hnodes, -0.5), (self.hnodes, self.inodes))
        self.who = numpy.random.normal(0.0, pow(self.onodes, -0.5), (self.onodes, self.hnodes))

        # learning rate
        self.lr = learningrate

        # activation function is the sigmoid function
        # 相当于创建一个函数，函数接收x，返回scipy.special.expit(x)，调用时使用self.activation_function(...)即可
        self.activation_function = lambda x: scipy.special.expit(x)

        pass

    # train the neural network
    def train(self, inputs_list, targets_list):
        # convert inputs list to 2d array
        inputs = numpy.array(inputs_list, ndmin=2).T
        targets = numpy.array(targets_list, ndmin=2).T

        # calculate signals into hidden layer
        hidden_inputs = numpy.dot(self.wih, inputs)
        # calculate the signals emerging from hidden layer
        hidden_outputs = self.activation_function(hidden_inputs)

        # calculate signals into final output layer
        final_inputs = numpy.dot(self.who, hidden_outputs)
        # calculate the signals emerging from final output layer
        final_outputs = self.activation_function(final_inputs)

        # error is the (target - actual)
        output_errors = targets - final_outputs

        # hidden layer error is the output_errors, split by weights, recombined at hidden nodes
        hidden_errors = numpy.dot(self.who.T, output_errors)

        # update the weights for the links between the hidden and output layer
        self.who += self.lr * numpy.dot((output_errors * final_outputs * (1.0 - final_outputs)), numpy.transpose(hidden_outputs))

        # update the weights for the links between the input and hidden layers
        self.wih += self.lr * numpy.dot((hidden_errors * hidden_outputs * (1.0 - hidden_outputs)), numpy.transpose(inputs))

        pass

    # query the network
    def query(self, inputs_list):
        # convert inputs list to 2d array
        # ndmin指定数组最小维度，ndmin=2表示强制将数组转换为2维
        inputs = numpy.array(inputs_list, ndmin=2).T

        # calculate signals into hidden layer
        hidden_inputs = numpy.dot(self.wih, inputs)
        # calculate the signals emerging from hidden layer
        hidden_outputs = self.activation_function(hidden_inputs)
        # calculate signals into final output layer
        final_inputs = numpy.dot(self.who, hidden_outputs)
        # calculate the signals emerging from final output layer
        final_outputs = self.activation_function(final_inputs)
        return final_outputs


# number of input, hidden and output nodes
input_nodes = 784  # 784个输入节点
hidden_nodes = 200  # 100个隐藏节点
output_nodes = 10  # 10个输出节点

# learning_rate is 0.5
learning_rate = 0.1

# create instance of neural network
n = neuralNetwork(input_nodes, hidden_nodes, output_nodes, learning_rate)

# load the mnist training data CSV file into a list
training_data_file = open("mnist_data/mnist_train.csv", 'r')
training_data_list = training_data_file.readlines()  # 读入文件，将之变为一个列表，以行为单位
training_data_file.close()

# train the neural network

# epochs is the number of times the training data set is used for training
epochs = 5
for e in range(epochs):
    # go through all records in the training data set
    for record in training_data_list:
        # split the record by the ',' commas
        all_values = record.split(',')
        # scale and shift the inputs
        inputs = (numpy.asfarray(all_values[1:]) / 255.0 * 0.99) + 0.01  # 1*784，输入层有784个节点
        # create the target output values (all 0.01, except the desired label which is 0.99)
        targets = numpy.zeros(output_nodes) + 0.01
        # all_values[0] is the target label for this record
        targets[int(all_values[0])] = 0.99
        n.train(inputs, targets)
        pass
    pass

# test the neural network
test_data_file = open("mnist_data/mnist_test.csv", 'r')
test_data_list = test_data_file.readlines()
test_data_file.close()

# scorecard for how well the network performs, initially empty
scorecard = []

# go through all the records in the test data set
for record in test_data_list:
    # split the record by the ',' commas
    all_values = record.split(',')
    # correct answer is first value
    correct_label = int(all_values[0])
    print(correct_label, "correct label")
    # scale and shift the inputs
    inputs = (numpy.asfarray(all_values[1:]) / 255.0 * 0.99) + 0.01
    # query the network
    outputs = n.query(inputs)
    # the index of the highest value correesponds to the label
    label = numpy.argmax(outputs)  # 返回数组中最大索引值
    print(label, "network's answer")
    # append correct or incorrect to list
    if label == correct_label:
        # network's answer matches correct answer, add 1 to scorecard
        scorecard.append(1)
    else:
        # network's answer doesn't match correct answer, add 0 to scorecard
        scorecard.append(0)
        pass
    pass

# calculate the performance score, the fraction of correct answers
scorecard_array = numpy.asarray(scorecard)  # 将输入转化为数组
print("performance = ", scorecard_array.sum() / scorecard_array.size)

总结

1. 网络训练中矩阵计算起到重要作用，要特别注意两个矩阵相乘时的矩阵形状
2. sigmoid函数的定义域与值域
3. 反向误差传播中计算部分要深入理解，书中的三层网络结构中最后一层输出层在计算式也要使用sigmoid函数
4. 在一定程度上多次使用数据集训练网络可以提高识别率