在学习李沐老师的课时,需要下载d2l库,但有的同学没有下载,所以在此我进行库中一些函数的总结,持续更新(pytorch版)!
大家可以通过ctrl+F进行检索,希望可以有所帮助。
class _WikiTextDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
def __init__(self, paragraphs, max_len):
paragraphs=[d2l.tokenize(paragraph, token='word') for paragraph in paragraphs]
sentences=[sentence for paragraph in paragraphs for sentence in paragraph]
self.vocab=d2l.Vocab(sentences, min_freq=5, reserved_tokens=['<pad>','<mask>','<cls>','<sep>'])
examples=[]
for paragraph in paragraphs:
examples.extend(_get_nsp_data_from_paragraph(paragraph, paragraphs, self.vocab, max_len))
examples=[(_get_mlm_data_from_tokens(tokens, self.vocab)+(segments, is_next))
for tokens, segments, is_next in examples]
(self.all_token_ids, self.all_segments, self.valid_lens,
self.all_pred_positions, self.all_mlm_weights,
self.all_mlm_labels, self.nsp_labels) = _pad_bert_inputs(
examples, max_len, self.vocab)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
return (self.all_token_ids[idx], self.all_segments[idx],
self.valid_lens[idx], self.all_pred_positions[idx],
self.all_mlm_weights[idx], self.all_mlm_labels[idx],
self.nsp_labels[idx])
def __len__(self):
return len(self.all_token_ids)
class PositionWiseFFN(nn.Module):
"""基于位置的前馈网络"""
def __init__(self, ffn_num_input, ffn_num_hiddens, ffn_num_outputs,
**kwargs):
super(PositionWiseFFN, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.dense1 = nn.Linear(ffn_num_input, ffn_num_hiddens)
self.relu = nn.ReLU()
self.dense2 = nn.Linear(ffn_num_hiddens, ffn_num_outputs)
def forward(self, X):
return self.dense2(self.relu(self.dense1(X)))
class AddNorm(nn.Module):
"""残差连接后进行层规范化"""
def __init__(self, normalized_shape, dropout, **kwargs):
super(AddNorm, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.ln = nn.LayerNorm(normalized_shape)
def forward(self, X, Y):
return self.ln(self.dropout(Y) + X)
class EncoderBlock(nn.Module):
"""Transformer编码器块"""
def __init__(self, key_size, query_size, value_size, num_hiddens,
norm_shape, ffn_num_input, ffn_num_hiddens, num_heads,
dropout, use_bias=False, **kwargs):
super(EncoderBlock, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.attention = d2l.MultiHeadAttention(
key_size, query_size, value_size, num_hiddens, num_heads, dropout,
use_bias)
self.addnorm1 = AddNorm(norm_shape, dropout)
self.ffn = PositionWiseFFN(
ffn_num_input, ffn_num_hiddens, num_hiddens)
self.addnorm2 = AddNorm(norm_shape, dropout)
def forward(self, X, valid_lens):
Y = self.addnorm1(X, self.attention(X, X, X, valid_lens))
return self.addnorm2(Y, self.ffn(Y))
class BERTEncoder(nn.Module):
"""BERT编码器"""
def __init__(self, vocab_size, num_hiddens, norm_shape, ffn_num_input,
ffn_num_hiddens, num_heads, num_layers, dropout,
max_len=1000, key_size=768, query_size=768, value_size=768,
**kwargs):
super(BERTEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.token_embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, num_hiddens)
self.segment_embedding = nn.Embedding(2, num_hiddens)
self.blks = nn.Sequential()
for i in range(num_layers):
self.blks.add_module(f"{i}", EncoderBlock(
key_size, query_size, value_size, num_hiddens, norm_shape,
ffn_num_input, ffn_num_hiddens, num_heads, dropout, True))
# 在BERT中,位置嵌入是可学习的,因此我们创建一个足够长的位置嵌入参数
self.pos_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, max_len,
num_hiddens))
def forward(self, tokens, segments, valid_lens):
# 在以下代码段中,X的形状保持不变:(批量大小,最大序列长度,num_hiddens)
X = self.token_embedding(tokens) + self.segment_embedding(segments)
X = X + self.pos_embedding.data[:, :X.shape[1], :]
for blk in self.blks:
X = blk(X, valid_lens)
return X
def _get_batch_loss_bert(net, loss, vocab_size, tokens_x, segments_x, valid_lens_x, pred_positions_x,
mlm_weights_x, mlm_y, nsp_y):
_, mlm_y_hat, nsp_y_hat=net(tokens_x, segments_x, valid_lens_x.reshape(-1), pred_positions_x)
mlm_l=loss(mlm_y_hat.reshape(-1, vocab_size), mlm_y.reshape(-1))*mlm_weights_x.reshape(-1,1)
mlm_l=mlm_l.sum()/(mlm_weights_x.sum()+1e-8)
nsp_l=loss(nsp_y_hat, nsp_y)
l=mlm_l+nsp_l
return mlm_l, nsp_l, l
class MaskLM(nn.Module):
"""BERT的掩蔽语言模型任务"""
def __init__(self, vocab_size, num_hiddens, num_inputs=768, **kwargs):
super(MaskLM, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.mlp = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_hiddens),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.LayerNorm(num_hiddens),
nn.Linear(num_hiddens, vocab_size))
def forward(self, X, pred_positions):
num_pred_positions = pred_positions.shape[1]
pred_positions = pred_positions.reshape(-1)
batch_size = X.shape[0]
batch_idx = torch.arange(0, batch_size)
# 假设batch_size=2,num_pred_positions=3
# 那么batch_idx是np.array([0,0,0,1,1,1])
batch_idx = torch.repeat_interleave(batch_idx, num_pred_positions)
masked_X = X[batch_idx, pred_positions]
masked_X = masked_X.reshape((batch_size, num_pred_positions, -1))
mlm_Y_hat = self.mlp(masked_X)
return mlm_Y_hat
class NextSentencePred(nn.Module):
"""BERT的下一句预测任务"""
def __init__(self, num_inputs, **kwargs):
super(NextSentencePred, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.output = nn.Linear(num_inputs, 2)
def forward(self, X):
# X的形状:(batchsize,num_hiddens)
return self.output(X)
class BERTModel(nn.Module):
"""BERT模型"""
def __init__(self, vocab_size, num_hiddens, norm_shape, ffn_num_input,
ffn_num_hiddens, num_heads, num_layers, dropout,
max_len=1000, key_size=768, query_size=768, value_size=768,
hid_in_features=768, mlm_in_features=768,
nsp_in_features=768):
super(BERTModel, self).__init__()
self.encoder = BERTEncoder(vocab_size, num_hiddens, norm_shape,
ffn_num_input, ffn_num_hiddens, num_heads, num_layers,
dropout, max_len=max_len, key_size=key_size,
query_size=query_size, value_size=value_size)
self.hidden = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(hid_in_features, num_hiddens),
nn.Tanh())
self.mlm = MaskLM(vocab_size, num_hiddens, mlm_in_features)
self.nsp = NextSentencePred(nsp_in_features)
def forward(self, tokens, segments, valid_lens=None,
pred_positions=None):
encoded_X = self.encoder(tokens, segments, valid_lens)
if pred_positions is not None:
mlm_Y_hat = self.mlm(encoded_X, pred_positions)
else:
mlm_Y_hat = None
# 用于下一句预测的多层感知机分类器的隐藏层,0是“<cls>”标记的索引
nsp_Y_hat = self.nsp(self.hidden(encoded_X[:, 0, :]))
return encoded_X, mlm_Y_hat, nsp_Y_hat
def get_tokens_and_segments(tokens_a, tokens_b=None):
"""获取输入序列的词元及其片段索引"""
tokens = ['<cls>'] + tokens_a + ['<sep>']
# 0和1分别标记片段A和B
segments = [0] * (len(tokens_a) + 2)
if tokens_b is not None:
tokens += tokens_b + ['<sep>']
segments += [1] * (len(tokens_b) + 1)
return tokens, segments
def multibox_prior(data, sizes, ratios):
"""生成以每个像素为中心具有不同形状的锚框"""
in_height, in_width = data.shape[-2:]
device, num_sizes, num_ratios = data.device, len(sizes), len(ratios)
boxes_per_pixel = (num_sizes + num_ratios - 1)
size_tensor = torch.tensor(sizes, device=device)
ratio_tensor = torch.tensor(ratios, device=device)
# 为了将锚点移动到像素的中心,需要设置偏移量。
# 因为一个像素的高为1且宽为1,我们选择偏移我们的中心0.5
offset_h, offset_w = 0.5, 0.5
steps_h = 1.0 / in_height # 在y轴上缩放步长
steps_w = 1.0 / in_width # 在x轴上缩放步长
# 生成锚框的所有中心点
center_h = (torch.arange(in_height, device=device) + offset_h) * steps_h
center_w = (torch.arange(in_width, device=device) + offset_w) * steps_w
shift_y, shift_x = torch.meshgrid(center_h, center_w, indexing='ij')
shift_y, shift_x = shift_y.reshape(-1), shift_x.reshape(-1)
# 生成“boxes_per_pixel”个高和宽,
# 之后用于创建锚框的四角坐标(xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax)
w = torch.cat((size_tensor * torch.sqrt(ratio_tensor[0]),
sizes[0] * torch.sqrt(ratio_tensor[1:])))\
* in_height / in_width # 处理矩形输入
h = torch.cat((size_tensor / torch.sqrt(ratio_tensor[0]),
sizes[0] / torch.sqrt(ratio_tensor[1:])))
# 除以2来获得半高和半宽
anchor_manipulations = torch.stack((-w, -h, w, h)).T.repeat(
in_height * in_width, 1) / 2
# 每个中心点都将有“boxes_per_pixel”个锚框,
# 所以生成含所有锚框中心的网格,重复了“boxes_per_pixel”次
out_grid = torch.stack([shift_x, shift_y, shift_x, shift_y],
dim=1).repeat_interleave(boxes_per_pixel, dim=0)
output = out_grid + anchor_manipulations
return output.unsqueeze(0)
def box_corner_to_center(boxes):
"""从(左上,右下)转换到(中间,宽度,高度)"""
x1, y1, x2, y2 = boxes[:, 0], boxes[:, 1], boxes[:, 2], boxes[:, 3]
cx = (x1 + x2) / 2
cy = (y1 + y2) / 2
w = x2 - x1
h = y2 - y1
boxes = torch.stack((cx, cy, w, h), axis=-1)
return boxes
#@save
def box_center_to_corner(boxes):
"""从(中间,宽度,高度)转换到(左上,右下)"""
cx, cy, w, h = boxes[:, 0], boxes[:, 1], boxes[:, 2], boxes[:, 3]
x1 = cx - 0.5 * w
y1 = cy - 0.5 * h
x2 = cx + 0.5 * w
y2 = cy + 0.5 * h
boxes = torch.stack((x1, y1, x2, y2), axis=-1)
return boxes
def bbox_to_rect(bbox, color):
# 将边界框(左上x,左上y,右下x,右下y)格式转换成matplotlib格式:
# ((左上x,左上y),宽,高)
return d2l.plt.Rectangle(
xy=(bbox[0], bbox[1]), width=bbox[2]-bbox[0], height=bbox[3]-bbox[1],
fill=False, edgecolor=color, linewidth=2)
class Benchmark:
"""用于测量运行时间"""
def __init__(self, description='Done'):
self.description = description
def __enter__(self):
self.timer = d2l.Timer()
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
print(f'{self.description}: {self.timer.stop():.4f} sec')
def train_concise_ch11(trainer_fn, hyperparams, data_iter, num_epochs=4):
# 初始化模型
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(5, 1))
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear:
torch.nn.init.normal_(m.weight, std=0.01)
net.apply(init_weights)
optimizer = trainer_fn(net.parameters(), **hyperparams)
loss = nn.MSELoss(reduction='none')
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', ylabel='loss',
xlim=[0, num_epochs], ylim=[0.22, 0.35])
n, timer = 0, d2l.Timer()
for _ in range(num_epochs):
for X, y in data_iter:
optimizer.zero_grad()
out = net(X)
y = y.reshape(out.shape)
l = loss(out, y)
l.mean().backward()
optimizer.step()
n += X.shape[0]
if n % 200 == 0:
timer.stop()
# MSELoss计算平方误差时不带系数1/2
animator.add(n/X.shape[0]/len(data_iter),
(d2l.evaluate_loss(net, data_iter, loss) / 2,))
timer.start()
print(f'loss: {animator.Y[0][-1]:.3f}, {timer.avg():.3f} sec/epoch')
def train_ch11(trainer_fn, states, hyperparams, data_iter,
feature_dim, num_epochs=2):
# 初始化模型
w = torch.normal(mean=0.0, std=0.01, size=(feature_dim, 1),
requires_grad=True)
b = torch.zeros((1), requires_grad=True)
net, loss = lambda X: d2l.linreg(X, w, b), d2l.squared_loss
# 训练模型
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', ylabel='loss',
xlim=[0, num_epochs], ylim=[0.22, 0.35])
n, timer = 0, d2l.Timer()
for _ in range(num_epochs):
for X, y in data_iter:
l = loss(net(X), y).mean()
l.backward()
trainer_fn([w, b], states, hyperparams)
n += X.shape[0]
if n % 200 == 0:
timer.stop()
animator.add(n/X.shape[0]/len(data_iter),
(d2l.evaluate_loss(net, data_iter, loss),))
timer.start()
print(f'loss: {animator.Y[0][-1]:.3f}, {timer.avg():.3f} sec/epoch')
return timer.cumsum(), animator.Y[0]
class Vocab: #@save
"""文本词表"""
def __init__(self, tokens=None, min_freq=0, reserved_tokens=None):
if tokens is None:
tokens = []
if reserved_tokens is None:
reserved_tokens = []
# 按出现频率排序
counter = count_corpus(tokens)
self._token_freqs = sorted(counter.items(), key=lambda x: x[1],
reverse=True)
# 未知词元的索引为0
self.idx_to_token = ['<unk>'] + reserved_tokens
self.token_to_idx = {token: idx
for idx, token in enumerate(self.idx_to_token)}
for token, freq in self._token_freqs:
if freq < min_freq:
break
if token not in self.token_to_idx:
self.idx_to_token.append(token)
self.token_to_idx[token] = len(self.idx_to_token) - 1
def __len__(self):
return len(self.idx_to_token)
def __getitem__(self, tokens):
if not isinstance(tokens, (list, tuple)):
return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens, self.unk)
return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens]
def to_tokens(self, indices):
if not isinstance(indices, (list, tuple)):
return self.idx_to_token[indices]
return [self.idx_to_token[index] for index in indices]
@property
def unk(self): # 未知词元的索引为0
return 0
@property
def token_freqs(self):
return self._token_freqs
def count_corpus(tokens): #@save
"""统计词元的频率"""
# 这里的tokens是1D列表或2D列表
if len(tokens) == 0 or isinstance(tokens[0], list):
# 将词元列表展平成一个列表
tokens = [token for line in tokens for token in line]
return collections.Counter(tokens)
def train_2d(trainer, steps=20, f_grad=None): #@save
"""用定制的训练机优化2D目标函数"""
# s1和s2是稍后将使用的内部状态变量
x1, x2, s1, s2 = -5, -2, 0, 0
results = [(x1, x2)]
for i in range(steps):
if f_grad:
x1, x2, s1, s2 = trainer(x1, x2, s1, s2, f_grad)
else:
x1, x2, s1, s2 = trainer(x1, x2, s1, s2)
results.append((x1, x2))
print(f'epoch {i + 1}, x1: {float(x1):f}, x2: {float(x2):f}')
return results
def show_trace_2d(f, results): #@save
"""显示优化过程中2D变量的轨迹"""
d2l.set_figsize()
d2l.plt.plot(*zip(*results), '-o', color='#ff7f0e')
x1, x2 = torch.meshgrid(torch.arange(-5.5, 1.0, 0.1),
torch.arange(-3.0, 1.0, 0.1))
d2l.plt.contour(x1, x2, f(x1, x2), colors='#1f77b4')
d2l.plt.xlabel('x1')
d2l.plt.ylabel('x2')
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater): #@save
"""训练模型(定义见第3章)"""
animator = Animator(xlabel='epoch', xlim=[1, num_epochs], ylim=[0.3, 0.9],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'])
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_metrics = train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater)
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(net, test_iter)
animator.add(epoch + 1, train_metrics + (test_acc,))
train_loss, train_acc = train_metrics
assert train_loss < 0.5, train_loss
assert train_acc <= 1 and train_acc > 0.7, train_acc
assert test_acc <= 1 and test_acc > 0.7, test_acc
def tokenize(lines, token='word'): #@save
"""将文本行拆分为单词或字符词元"""
if token == 'word':
return [line.split() for line in lines]
elif token == 'char':
return [list(line) for line in lines]
else:
print('错误:未知词元类型:' + token)
class Animator:
"""在动画中绘制数据"""
def __init__(self, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, legend=None, xlim=None,
ylim=None, xscale='linear', yscale='linear',
fmts=('-', 'm--', 'g-.', 'r:'), nrows=1, ncols=1,
figsize=(3.5, 2.5)):
# 增量地绘制多条线
if legend is None:
legend = []
d2l.use_svg_display()
self.fig, self.axes = d2l.plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
if nrows * ncols == 1:
self.axes = [self.axes, ]
# 使用lambda函数捕获参数
self.config_axes = lambda: d2l.set_axes(
self.axes[0], xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend)
self.X, self.Y, self.fmts = None, None, fmts
def add(self, x, y):
# 向图表中添加多个数据点
if not hasattr(y, "__len__"):
y = [y]
n = len(y)
if not hasattr(x, "__len__"):
x = [x] * n
if not self.X:
self.X = [[] for _ in range(n)]
if not self.Y:
self.Y = [[] for _ in range(n)]
for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(x, y)):
if a is not None and b is not None:
self.X[i].append(a)
self.Y[i].append(b)
self.axes[0].cla()
for x, y, fmt in zip(self.X, self.Y, self.fmts):
self.axes[0].plot(x, y, fmt)
self.config_axes()
display.display(self.fig)
display.clear_output(wait=True)
def use_svg_display(): #@save
"""使用svg格式在Jupyter中显示绘图"""
backend_inline.set_matplotlib_formats('svg')
def set_figsize(figsize=(3.5, 2.5)): #@save
"""设置matplotlib的图表大小"""
use_svg_display()
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = figsize
def set_axes(axes, xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend):
"""设置matplotlib的轴"""
axes.set_xlabel(xlabel)
axes.set_ylabel(ylabel)
axes.set_xscale(xscale)
axes.set_yscale(yscale)
axes.set_xlim(xlim)
axes.set_ylim(ylim)
if legend:
axes.legend(legend)
axes.grid()
def plot(X, Y=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, legend=None, xlim=None,
ylim=None, xscale='linear', yscale='linear',
fmts=('-', 'm--', 'g-.', 'r:'), figsize=(3.5, 2.5), axes=None):
"""绘制数据点"""
if legend is None:
legend = []
set_figsize(figsize)
axes = axes if axes else plt.gca()
# 如果X有一个轴,输出True
def has_one_axis(X):
return (hasattr(X, "ndim") and X.ndim == 1 or isinstance(X, list)
and not hasattr(X[0], "__len__"))
if has_one_axis(X):
X = [X]
if Y is None:
X, Y = [[]] * len(X), X
elif has_one_axis(Y):
Y = [Y]
if len(X) != len(Y):
X = X * len(Y)
axes.cla()
for x, y, fmt in zip(X, Y, fmts):
if len(x):
axes.plot(x, y, fmt)
else:
axes.plot(y, fmt)
set_axes(axes, xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend)
class Accumulator:
def __init__(self, n):
self.data=[0.0]*n
def add(self, *args):
self.data=[a+float(b) for a, b in zip(self.data, args)]
def reset(self):
self.data=[0.0]*len(self.data)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
return self.data[idx]
def evaluate_loss(net, data_iter, loss):
metric=Accumulator(2)
for x, y in data_iter:
out=net(x)
y=y.reshape(out.shape)
l=loss(out, y)
metric.add(l.sum(), l.numel())
return metric[0]/metric[1]
def load_array(data_arrays, batch_size, is_train=True):
"""Construct a PyTorch data iterator.
Defined in :numref:`sec_linear_concise`"""
dataset = TensorDataset(*data_arrays)
return DataLoader(dataset, batch_size, shuffle=is_train)
def synthetic_data(w, b, num_examples):
"""⽣成y=Xw+b+噪声"""
X = torch.normal(0, 1, (num_examples, len(w)))
y = torch.matmul(X, w) + b
y += torch.normal(0, 0.01, y.shape)
return X, y.reshape((-1, 1))