数学分析基础知识整理
基本求导公式
(
C
)
′
=
0
(C)^{\prime}=0
(C)′=0
(
x
μ
)
′
=
μ
x
μ
−
1
\left(x^{\mu}\right)^{\prime}=\mu x^{\mu-1}
(xμ)′=μxμ−1
(
sin
x
)
′
=
cos
x
(\sin x)^{\prime}=\cos x
(sinx)′=cosx
(
cos
x
)
′
=
−
sin
x
(\cos x)^{\prime}=-\sin x
(cosx)′=−sinx
(
tan
x
)
′
=
sec
2
x
(\tan x)^{\prime}=\sec ^{2} x
(tanx)′=sec2x
(
cot
x
)
′
=
−
csc
2
x
(\cot x)^{\prime}=-\csc ^{2} x
(cotx)′=−csc2x
(
sec
x
)
′
=
sec
x
tan
x
(\sec x)^{\prime}=\sec x \tan x
(secx)′=secxtanx
(
csc
x
)
′
=
−
csc
x
cot
x
(\csc x)^{\prime}=-\csc x \cot x
(cscx)′=−cscxcotx
( arcsin x ) ′ = 1 1 − x 2 ( arccos x ) ′ = − 1 1 − x 2 ( arctan x ) ′ = 1 1 + x 2 ( arccot x ) ′ = − 1 1 + x 2 \begin{aligned}(\arcsin x)^{\prime} &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \\(\arccos x)^{\prime} &=\frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \\(\arctan x)^{\prime} &=\frac{1}{1+x^{2}} \\(\operatorname{arccot} x)^{\prime} &=\frac{-1}{1+x^{2}} \end{aligned} (arcsinx)′(arccosx)′(arctanx)′(arccotx)′=1−x21=1−x2−1=1+x21=1+x2−1
(
a
x
)
′
=
a
x
ln
a
\left(a^{x}\right)^{\prime}=a^{x} \ln a
(ax)′=axlna
(
e
x
)
′
=
e
x
\left(e^{x}\right)^{\prime}=e^{x}
(ex)′=ex
(
log
a
x
)
′
=
1
x
ln
a
\left(\log _{a} x\right)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x \ln a}
(logax)′=xlna1
(
ln
x
)
′
=
1
x
(\ln x)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x}
(lnx)′=x1
(
u
±
v
)
′
=
u
′
±
v
′
(u \pm v)^{\prime}=u^{\prime} \pm v^{\prime}
(u±v)′=u′±v′
(
C
u
)
′
=
C
u
′
(C u)^{\prime}=C u^{\prime}
(Cu)′=Cu′
(
u
v
)
′
=
u
′
v
+
u
v
′
(u v)^{\prime}=u^{\prime} v+u v^{\prime}
(uv)′=u′v+uv′
(
u
v
)
′
=
u
′
v
−
u
v
′
v
2
\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}
(vu)′=v2u′v−uv′
莱布尼茨求导公式
(
u
⋅
v
)
′
′
=
u
′
′
⋅
v
+
2
u
′
⋅
v
′
+
u
⋅
v
′
′
(u \cdot v)^{\prime \prime}=u^{\prime \prime} \cdot v+2 u^{\prime} \cdot v^{\prime}+u \cdot v^{\prime \prime}
(u⋅v)′′=u′′⋅v+2u′⋅v′+u⋅v′′
(
u
⋅
v
)
(
n
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
C
n
k
u
(
n
−
k
)
v
(
k
)
(u \cdot v)^{(n)}=\sum_{k=0}^{n} C_{n}^{k} u^{(n-k)} v^{(k)}
(u⋅v)(n)=∑k=0nCnku(n−k)v(k)
高阶导数
(
a
x
)
(
n
)
=
(
ln
a
)
n
⋅
a
x
\left(a^{x}\right)^{(n)}=(\ln a)^{n} \cdot a^{x}
(ax)(n)=(lna)n⋅ax
(
e
x
)
(
n
)
=
e
x
\left(e^{x}\right)^{(n)}=e^{x}
(ex)(n)=ex
(
sin
k
x
)
(
n
)
=
k
n
sin
(
n
π
2
+
k
x
)
(\sin k x)^{(n)}=k^{n} \sin \left(\frac{n \pi}{2}+k x\right)
(sinkx)(n)=knsin(2nπ+kx)
(
cos
k
x
)
(
n
)
=
k
n
cos
(
n
π
2
+
k
x
)
(\cos k x)^{(n)}=k^{n} \cos \left(\frac{n \pi}{2}+k x\right)
(coskx)(n)=kncos(2nπ+kx)
(
ln
x
)
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
x
n
(\ln x)^{(n)}=(-1)^{n-1} \frac{(n-1) !}{x^{n}}
(lnx)(n)=(−1)n−1xn(n−1)!
(
1
x
)
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
n
!
x
n
+
1
\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{(n)}=(-1)^{n} \frac{n !}{x^{n+1}}
(x1)(n)=(−1)nxn+1n!
(
1
x
+
a
)
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
n
!
(
x
+
a
)
n
+
1
\left(\frac{1}{x+a}\right)^{(n)}=(-1)^{n} \frac{n !}{(x+a)^{n+1}}
(x+a1)(n)=(−1)n(x+a)n+1n!
(
x
m
)
(
n
)
=
m
(
m
−
1
)
⋯
(
m
−
n
+
1
)
x
m
−
n
\left(x^{m}\right)^{(n)}=m(m-1) \cdots(m-n+1) x^{m-n}
(xm)(n)=m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xm−n
(
u
±
v
)
(
n
)
=
u
(
n
)
±
v
(
n
)
(u \pm v)^{(n)}=u^{(n)} \pm v^{(n)}
(u±v)(n)=u(n)±v(n)
复合函数求导法则
设函数
z
=
f
(
u
,
v
)
z=f(u, v)
z=f(u,v)可微
u
=
u
(
x
,
y
)
,
v
=
v
(
x
,
y
)
u=u(x, y), \quad v=v(x, y)
u=u(x,y),v=v(x,y)具有一阶偏导数，并且它们可以构成 ，
z
z
z关于
(
x
,
y
)
(x,y)
(x,y)在某区域D内的复合函数，则在D内有复合函数求导法则：
∂
z
∂
x
=
∂
z
∂
u
⋅
∂
u
∂
x
+
∂
z
∂
v
⋅
∂
v
∂
x
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u} \cdot \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v} \cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}
∂x∂z=∂u∂z⋅∂x∂u+∂v∂z⋅∂x∂v
∂ z ∂ y = ∂ z ∂ u ⋅ ∂ u ∂ y + ∂ z ∂ v ⋅ ∂ v ∂ y \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u} \cdot \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v} \cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial y} ∂y∂z=∂u∂z⋅∂y∂u+∂v∂z⋅∂y∂v
隐函数求导法则
设函数 F ( x , y , z ) F(x, y, z) F(x,y,z) 在点 P 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) P_{0}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0}\right) P0(x0,y0,z0) 的某邻域内有连续偏导数, 并且 F ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = 0 F\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0}\right)=0 F(x0,y0,z0)=0, F z ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ≠ 0 , F_{z}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0}\right) \neq 0, Fz′(x0,y0,z0)=0, 则方程 F ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = 0 F\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0}\right)=0 F(x0,y0,z0)=0 在点 P 0 P_{0} P0 的某一邻域内恒能确定唯一的连续函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x, y) z=f(x,y)满足:
- z 0 = f ( x 0 , y 0 ) z_{0}=f\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right) z0=f(x0,y0)
- F ( x , y , f ( x , y ) ) ≡ 0 F(x, y, f(x, y)) \equiv 0 F(x,y,f(x,y))≡0
-
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z=f(x, y)
z=f(x,y) 具有连续偏导数
则:
∂ z ∂ x = − F x ′ ( x , y , z ) F z ′ ( x , y , z ) \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=-\frac{F_{x}^{\prime}(x, y, z)}{F_{z}^{\prime}(x, y, z)} ∂x∂z=−Fz′(x,y,z)Fx′(x,y,z)
∂ z ∂ y = − F y ′ ( x , y , z ) F z ′ ( x , y , z ) \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=-\frac{F_{y}^{\prime}(x, y, z)}{F_{z}^{\prime}(x, y, z)} ∂y∂z=−Fz′(x,y,z)Fy′(x,y,z)
基本积分公式
∫
k
d
x
=
k
x
+
C
\int k d x=k x+C
∫kdx=kx+C
∫
x
μ
d
x
=
1
μ
+
1
⋅
x
μ
+
1
+
C
(
μ
≠
−
1
)
\int x^{\mu} d x=\frac{1}{\mu+1} \cdot x^{\mu+1}+C(\mu \neq-1)
∫xμdx=μ+11⋅xμ+1+C(μ=−1)
∫
d
x
x
=
ln
∣
x
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{x}=\ln |x|+C
∫xdx=ln∣x∣+C
∫
cos
x
d
x
=
sin
x
+
C
\int \cos x d x=\sin x+C
∫cosxdx=sinx+C
∫
sin
x
d
x
=
−
cos
x
+
C
\int \sin x d x=-\cos x+C
∫sinxdx=−cosx+C
∫
d
x
cos
2
x
=
∫
sec
2
x
d
x
=
tan
x
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\cos ^{2} x}=\int \sec ^{2} x d x=\tan x+C
∫cos2xdx=∫sec2xdx=tanx+C
∫
d
x
sin
2
x
=
∫
csc
2
x
d
x
=
−
cot
x
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sin ^{2} x}=\int \csc ^{2} x d x=-\cot x+C
∫sin2xdx=∫csc2xdx=−cotx+C
∫
sec
x
tan
x
d
x
=
sec
x
+
C
\int \sec x \tan x d x=\sec x+C
∫secxtanxdx=secx+C
∫
csc
x
cot
x
d
x
=
−
csc
x
+
C
\int \csc x \cot x d x=-\csc x+C
∫cscxcotxdx=−cscx+C
∫
d
x
1
+
x
2
=
arctan
x
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{1+x^{2}}=\arctan x+C
∫1+x2dx=arctanx+C
∫
d
x
1
−
x
2
=
arcsin
x
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}=\arcsin x+C
∫1−x2dx=arcsinx+C
∫
d
x
a
2
+
x
2
=
1
a
arctan
x
a
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{a^{2}+x^{2}}=\frac{1}{a} \arctan \frac{x}{a}+C
∫a2+x2dx=a1arctanax+C
∫
d
x
a
2
−
x
2
=
arcsin
x
a
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}}=\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C
∫a2−x2dx=arcsinax+C
∫
d
x
x
2
−
a
2
=
1
2
a
ln
∣
x
−
a
x
+
a
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{x^{2}-a^{2}}=\frac{1}{2 a} \ln \left|\frac{x-a}{x+a}\right|+C
∫x2−a2dx=2a1ln∣∣x+ax−a∣∣+C
∫
d
x
a
2
−
x
2
=
1
2
a
ln
∣
x
+
a
x
−
a
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{a^{2}-x^{2}}=\frac{1}{2 a} \ln \left|\frac{x+a}{x-a}\right|+C
∫a2−x2dx=2a1ln∣∣x−ax+a∣∣+C
∫
d
x
x
2
+
a
2
=
ln
(
x
+
x
2
+
a
2
)
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}=\ln \left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}\right)+C
∫x2+a2dx=ln(x+x2+a2)+C
∫
d
x
x
2
−
a
2
=
ln
∣
x
+
x
2
−
a
2
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}}=\ln \left|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}\right|+C
∫x2−a2dx=ln∣∣x+x2−a2∣∣+C
∫
x
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
−
x
2
a
2
−
x
2
+
a
2
2
arcsin
x
a
+
C
\int \sqrt{x^{2}-x^{2}} d x=-\frac{x}{2} \sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}+\frac{a^{2}}{2} \arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C
∫x2−x2dx=−2xa2−x2+2a2arcsinax+C
∫
tan
x
d
x
=
∫
sin
x
cos
x
d
x
=
−
∫
d
cos
x
cos
x
=
−
ln
∣
cos
x
∣
+
C
\int \tan x d x=\int \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} d x=-\int \frac{d \cos x}{\cos x}=-\ln |\cos x|+C
∫tanxdx=∫cosxsinxdx=−∫cosxdcosx=−ln∣cosx∣+C
∫
cot
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
sin
x
∣
+
C
\int \cot x d x=\ln |\sin x|+C
∫cotxdx=ln∣sinx∣+C
∫
csc
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
tan
x
2
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
csc
x
−
cot
x
∣
+
C
\int \csc x d x=\ln \left|\tan \frac{x}{2}\right|+C=\ln |\csc x-\cot x|+C
∫cscxdx=ln∣∣tan2x∣∣+C=ln∣cscx−cotx∣+C
∫
sec
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
sec
x
+
tan
x
∣
+
C
\int \sec x d x=\ln |\sec x+\tan x|+C
∫secxdx=ln∣secx+tanx∣+C
∫
e
x
d
x
=
e
x
+
C
\int e^{x} d x=e^{x}+C
∫exdx=ex+C
∫
a
x
d
x
=
1
ln
a
a
x
+
C
\int a^{x} d x=\frac{1}{\ln a} a^{x}+C
∫axdx=lna1ax+C
万能代换
u = tan x 2 sin x = 2 u 1 + u 2 cos x = 1 − u 2 1 + u 2 d x = 2 1 + u 2 d u \begin{aligned} u &=\tan \frac{x}{2} \\ \sin x &=\frac{2 u}{1+u^{2}} \\ \cos x &=\frac{1-u^{2}}{1+u^{2}} \\ d x &=\frac{2}{1+u^{2}} d u \end{aligned} usinxcosxdx=tan2x=1+u22u=1+u21−u2=1+u22du
万能代换可以将三角函数换成有理分式的形式来进行积分。
{ a 2 − x 2 → x = a sin t a 2 + x 2 → x = atan t x 2 − a 2 → x = asec t \left\{\begin{array}{l}\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}} \rightarrow x=a \sin t \\ \sqrt{a^{2}+x^{2}} \rightarrow x=\operatorname{atan} t \\ \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}} \rightarrow x=\operatorname{asec} t\end{array}\right. ⎩⎨⎧a2−x2→x=asinta2+x2→x=atantx2−a2→x=asect
分部积分
∫ u d v = u v − ∫ v d u \int u d v=u v-\int v d u ∫udv=uv−∫vdu
级数定积分转换
{ ∑ i = 1 ∞ f ( i n ) 1 n = ∫ 0 1 f ( t ) d t ∑ i = 1 ∞ f ( x ⋅ i n ) x n = ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t ∑ i = 1 ∞ f ( a + ( b − a ) ⋅ i n ) b − a n = ∫ a b f ( t ) d t \left\{\begin{array}{l}\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} f\left(\frac{i}{n}\right) \frac{1}{n}=\int_{0}^{1} f(t) d t \\ \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} f\left(\frac{x \cdot i}{n}\right) \frac{x}{n}=\int_{0}^{x} f(t) d t \\ \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} f\left(a+\frac{(b-a) \cdot i}{n}\right) \frac{b-a}{n}=\int_{a}^{b} f(t) d t\end{array}\right. ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧∑i=1∞f(ni)n1=∫01f(t)dt∑i=1∞f(nx⋅i)nx=∫0xf(t)dt∑i=1∞f(a+n(b−a)⋅i)nb−a=∫abf(t)dt
变限积分函数求导
F
(
x
)
=
∫
φ
1
(
x
)
φ
2
(
x
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
F(x)=\int_{\varphi_{1}(x)}^{\varphi_{2}(x)} f(t) d t
F(x)=∫φ1(x)φ2(x)f(t)dt
F
′
(
x
)
=
d
d
x
[
∫
φ
1
(
x
)
φ
2
(
x
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
=
f
[
φ
2
(
x
)
]
φ
2
′
(
x
)
−
f
[
φ
1
(
x
)
]
φ
1
′
(
x
)
F^{\prime}(x)=\frac{d}{d x}\left[\int_{\varphi_{1}(x)}^{\varphi_{2}(x)} f(t) d t\right]=f\left[\varphi_{2}(x)\right] \varphi_{2}^{\prime}(x)-f\left[\varphi_{1}(x)\right] \varphi_{1}^{\prime}(x)
F′(x)=dxd[∫φ1(x)φ2(x)f(t)dt]=f[φ2(x)]φ2′(x)−f[φ1(x)]φ1′(x)
二重积分
二重积分可以化为累次积分的定积分，表示曲顶柱体的体积。
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ \iint_{D} f(x, y) d \sigma ∬Df(x,y)dσ
= ∫ a x b x d x ∫ a y b y f ( x , y ) d y \stackrel{}{=} \int_{a_{x}}^{b_{x}} d x \int_{a_{y}}^{b_{y}} f(x, y) d y =∫axbxdx∫aybyf(x,y)dy
=
∫
a
θ
b
θ
d
θ
∫
a
r
b
r
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
r
sin
θ
)
r
d
r
=\int_{a_{\theta}}^{b_{\theta}} d \theta \int_{a_{r}}^{b_{r}} f(r \cos \theta, r \sin \theta) r d r
=∫aθbθdθ∫arbrf(rcosθ,rsinθ)rdr
∑
i
=
1
∞
∑
j
=
1
∞
f
(
i
n
,
j
n
)
1
n
2
=
∫
0
1
∫
0
1
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
x
d
y
\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} f\left(\frac{i}{n}, \frac{j}{n}\right) \frac{1}{n^{2}}=\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1} f(x, y) d x d y
∑i=1∞∑j=1∞f(ni,nj)n21=∫01∫01f(x,y)dxdy
三重积分
三重积分可以化为累次积分的定积分，表示空间区域 以密度
ρ
=
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
\rho=f(x, y, z)
ρ=f(x,y,z)的质量。
∭
Ω
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
v
=
∫
a
x
b
x
d
x
∫
a
y
b
y
d
y
∫
a
z
b
z
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
z
=
∫
a
z
b
z
d
z
∬
D
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
σ
=
∭
Ω
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
r
sin
θ
,
z
)
r
d
r
d
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\begin{aligned} & \iiint_{\Omega} f(x, y, z) d v \\=& \int_{a_{x}}^{b_{x}} d x \int_{a_{y}}^{b_{y}} d y \int_{a_{z}}^{b_{z}} f(x, y, z) d z \\=& \int_{a_{z}}^{b_{z}} d z \iint_{D} f(x, y, z) d \sigma \\=& \iiint_{\Omega} f(r \cos \theta, r \sin \theta, z) r d r d \theta \\=& \iiint_{\Omega} f(r \sin \varphi \cos \theta, r \sin \varphi \sin \theta, r \cos \varphi) \cdot r^{2} \sin \varphi d r d \varphi d \theta \end{aligned}
====∭Ωf(x,y,z)dv∫axbxdx∫aybydy∫azbzf(x,y,z)dz∫azbzdz∬Df(x,y,z)dσ∭Ωf(rcosθ,rsinθ,z)rdrdθ∭Ωf(rsinφcosθ,rsinφsinθ,rcosφ)⋅r2sinφdrdφdθ
常用泰勒公式
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f(x)=f\left(x_{0}\right)+f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)\left(x-x_{0}\right)+\frac{f^{\prime \prime}\left(x_{0}\right)}{2 !}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{2}+\cdots+\frac{f^{(n)}\left(x_{0}\right)}{n !}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n}+R_{n}(x)
f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+⋯+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+Rn(x)
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R_{n}(x)=\frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1) !}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{(n+1)} \xi \in\left(x, x_{0}\right)
Rn(x)=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)(x−x0)(n+1)ξ∈(x,x0)
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R_{n}(x)=o\left[\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n}\right]
Rn(x)=o[(x−x0)n]
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\sin x=x-\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+\frac{x^{5}}{5 !}+\cdots+(-1)^{n} \frac{x^{2 n+1}}{(2 n+1) !}+o\left(x^{2 n+1}\right)
sinx=x−3!x3+5!x5+⋯+(−1)n(2n+1)!x2n+1+o(x2n+1)
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\cos x=1-\frac{x^{2}}{2 !}+\frac{x^{4}}{4 !}+\cdots+(-1)^{n} \frac{x^{2 n}}{(2 n) !}+o\left(x^{2 n}\right)
cosx=1−2!x2+4!x4+⋯+(−1)n(2n)!x2n+o(x2n)
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e^{x}=1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2 !}+\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+\cdots+\frac{x^{n}}{n !}+o\left(x^{n}\right)
ex=1+x+2!x2+3!x3+⋯+n!xn+o(xn)
ln
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\ln (1+x)=x-\frac{x^{2}}{2}+\frac{x^{3}}{3}+\cdots+(-1)^{n-1} \frac{x^{n}}{n}+o\left(x^{n}\right)
ln(1+x)=x−2x2+3x3+⋯+(−1)n−1nxn+o(xn)
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\tan x=x+\frac{x^{3}}{3}+o\left(x^{3}\right)
tanx=x+3x3+o(x3)
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\arcsin x=x+\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+o\left(x^{3}\right)
arcsinx=x+3!x3+o(x3)
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\arctan x=x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}+o\left(x^{3}\right)
arctanx=x−3x3+o(x3)
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(1+x)^{a}=1+a x+\frac{a(a-1)}{2 !} x^{2}+o\left(x^{2}\right)
(1+x)a=1+ax+2!a(a−1)x2+o(x2)
重要幂级数展开式
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e^{x}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{n}}{n !}=1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2 !}+\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+\cdots+\frac{x^{n}}{n !}+\cdots,-\infty<x<+\infty
ex=∑n=0∞n!xn=1+x+2!x2+3!x3+⋯+n!xn+⋯,−∞<x<+∞
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\frac{1}{1+x}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{n} x^{n}=1-x+x^{2}-\cdots+(-1)^{n} x^{n}+\cdots,-1<x<1
1+x1=∑n=0∞(−1)nxn=1−x+x2−⋯+(−1)nxn+⋯,−1<x<1
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\frac{1}{1-x}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^{n}=1+x+x^{2}+\cdots+x^{n}+\cdots,-1<x<1
1−x1=∑n=0∞xn=1+x+x2+⋯+xn+⋯,−1<x<1
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\ln (1+x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n-1} \frac{x^{n}}{n}=x-\frac{x^{2}}{2}+\cdots+(-1)^{n-1} \frac{x^{n}}{n}+\cdots,-1<x \leqslant 1
ln(1+x)=∑n=1∞(−1)n−1nxn=x−2x2+⋯+(−1)n−1nxn+⋯,−1<x⩽1
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\sin x=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{n} \frac{x^{2 n+1}}{(2 n+1) !}=x-\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+\cdots+(-1)^{n} \frac{x^{2 n+1}}{(2 n+1) !}+\cdots,-\infty<x<+\infty
sinx=∑n=0∞(−1)n(2n+1)!x2n+1=x−3!x3+⋯+(−1)n(2n+1)!x2n+1+⋯,−∞<x<+∞
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\cos x=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{n} \frac{x^{2 n}}{(2 n) !}=1-\frac{x^{2}}{2 !}+\cdots+(-1)^{n} \frac{x^{2 n}}{(2 n) !}+\cdots,-\infty<x<+\infty
cosx=∑n=0∞(−1)n(2n)!x2n=1−2!x2+⋯+(−1)n(2n)!x2n+⋯,−∞<x<+∞
无穷级数的和函数
{ ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n − 1 = 1 ( 1 − x ) 2 ( − 1 < x < 1 ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n x n = − ln ( 1 − x ) ( − 1 ⩽ x < 1 ) \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n x^{n-1}=\frac{1}{(1-x)^{2}} & (-1<x<1) \\ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n} x^{n}=-\ln (1-x) & (-1 \leqslant x<1)\end{array}\right. {∑n=1∞nxn−1=(1−x)21∑n=1∞n1xn=−ln(1−x)(−1<x<1)(−1⩽x<1)
傅里叶级数
f ( x ) = a 0 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( a n cos n π x l + b n sin n π x l ) a 0 = 1 l ∫ − l l f ( x ) d x a n = 1 l ∫ − l l f ( x ) cos n π x l d x b n = 1 l ∫ − l l f ( x ) sin n π x l d x \begin{aligned} f(x) &=\frac{a_{0}}{2}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\left(a_{n} \cos \frac{n \pi x}{l}+b_{n} \sin \frac{n \pi x}{l}\right) \\ a_{0} &=\frac{1}{l} \int_{-l}^{l} f(x) d x \\ a_{n} &=\frac{1}{l} \int_{-l}^{l} f(x) \cos \frac{n \pi x}{l} d x \\ b_{n} &=\frac{1}{l} \int_{-l}^{l} f(x) \sin \frac{n \pi x}{l} d x \end{aligned} f(x)a0anbn=2a0+n=1∑∞(ancoslnπx+bnsinlnπx)=l1∫−llf(x)dx=l1∫−llf(x)coslnπxdx=l1∫−llf(x)sinlnπxdx
1394
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