中值定理
一般用于证明题,分析步骤:确定区间、确定辅助函数、确定使用的定理、关键点分析。
f(x)在[a,b]上连续,
- 有界与最值定理: m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M m \leq f(x)\leq M m≤f(x)≤M
- 介值定理: m ≤ μ ≤ M , ∃ ϵ ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( ϵ ) = μ m\leq \mu \leq M, \exists \epsilon \in[a,b], f(\epsilon) = \mu m≤μ≤M,∃ϵ∈[a,b],f(ϵ)=μ
- 平均值定理: a < x 1 < x 2 < ⋯ < x n < b , ∃ ϵ ∈ [ x 1 , x n ] , f ( ϵ ) = f ( x 1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ⋯ + f ( x n ) n a<x_1<x_2<\cdots<x_n<b, \exists \epsilon \in[x_1,x_n], f(\epsilon) = \frac{f(x_1)+f(x_2)+\cdots+f(x_n)}{n} a<x1<x2<⋯<xn<b,∃ϵ∈[x1,xn],f(ϵ)=nf(x1)+f(x2)+⋯+f(xn)
- 零点定理: f ( a ) ⋅ f ( b ) < 0 , ∃ ϵ ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( ϵ ) = 0 f(a)\cdot f(b)<0, \exists \epsilon \in[a,b], f(\epsilon) = 0 f(a)⋅f(b)<0,∃ϵ∈[a,b],f(ϵ)=0
- 费马定理: x 0 处可导且为极值 , f ′ ( x 0 ) = 0 x_0处可导且为极值, f'(x_0) = 0 x0处可导且为极值,f′(x0)=0
- 罗尔定理: [ a , b ) 可导 , f ( a ) = f ( b ) , ∃ ϵ ∈ [ a , b ] , f ′ ( ϵ ) = 0 [a,b)可导, f(a) = f(b), \exists \epsilon \in[a,b], f'(\epsilon) = 0 [a,b)可导,f(a)=f(b),∃ϵ∈[a,b],f′(ϵ)=0
- 拉格朗日中值定理: ( a , b ) 可导 , ∃ ϵ ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( b ) − f ( a ) = f ′ ( ϵ ) ( b − a ) (a,b)可导, \exists \epsilon \in[a,b], f(b) - f(a) = f'(\epsilon)(b-a) (a,b)可导,∃ϵ∈[a,b],f(b)−f(a)=f′(ϵ)(b−a)
- 柯西中值定理: ( a , b ) 可导 , g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 , ∃ ϵ ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( b ) − f ( a ) g ( b ) − g ( a ) = f ′ ( ϵ ) g ′ ( ϵ ) (a,b)可导, g'(x)\neq 0, \exists \epsilon \in[a,b], \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)} = \frac{f'(\epsilon)}{g'(\epsilon)} (a,b)可导,g′(x)=0,∃ϵ∈[a,b],g(b)−g(a)f(b)−f(a)=g′(ϵ)f′(ϵ)
- 泰勒公式(拉格朗日余项): f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + f ( n + 1 ) ( ϵ ) ( n + 1 ) ! ( x − x 0 ) n + 1 f(x) = f(x_0) + f'(x_0)(x-x_0)+\cdots+ \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0)^n +\frac{f^{(n+1)}(\epsilon)}{(n+1)!}(x-x_0)^{n+1} f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+⋯+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+(n+1)!f(n+1)(ϵ)(x−x0)n+1
- 泰勒公式(佩亚诺余项): f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + O ( ( x − x 0 ) n ) f(x) = f(x_0) + f'(x_0)(x-x_0)+\cdots+ \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0)^n +O((x-x_0)^n) f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+⋯+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+O((x−x0)n)
- 积分中值定理: ∃ ϵ ∈ [ a , b ] , ∫ a b f ( x ) d x b − a = f ( ϵ ) \exists \epsilon \in[a,b], \frac{\int_a^bf(x)dx}{b-a} = f(\epsilon) ∃ϵ∈[a,b],b−a∫abf(x)dx=f(ϵ)
有个记忆技巧,最常用的就七个,“零介费罗拉泰西”,看到证明题没思路可以一一试试,