算法测试系列： Minima

Minima: Find the 3 most extreme local minima of a 2D surface

Input Format

The surface is given as a square matrix (n by n). 
A minima is a value that is smaller than all its neighbors.
Arguments:
    n: int, the order of the array
    m: a 2D array (list of lists) of floats
Constraints:
    n < 50

Sample Input

n = 5
m = [[5.,5.,5.,5.,5.],
     [5.,1.,5.,5.,5.],
     [5.,5.,5.,4.,5.],
     [5.,5.,4.,2.,3.],
     [0.,5.,5.,3.,4.]]

Output Format

An array (list) of floats, sorted ascending, of the minima values.
Return a max of 3 values. If none are found, return an empty array (list).

Sample Output

[0.,1.,2.]

import numpy as np
import scipy.ndimage.filters as filters
import scipy.ndimage.morphology as morphology

def detect_local_minima(arr):
    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3684484/peak-detection-in-a-2d-array/3689710#3689710
    """
    Takes an array and detects the troughs using the local maximum filter.
    Returns a boolean mask of the troughs (i.e. 1 when
    the pixel's value is the neighborhood maximum, 0 otherwise)
    """
    # define an connected neighborhood
    # http://www.scipy.org/doc/api_docs/SciPy.ndimage.morphology.html#generate_binary_structure
    neighborhood = morphology.generate_binary_structure(len(arr.shape),2)
    # apply the local minimum filter; all locations of minimum value
    # in their neighborhood are set to 1
    # http://www.scipy.org/doc/api_docs/SciPy.ndimage.filters.html#minimum_filter
    local_min = (filters.minimum_filter(arr, footprint = neighborhood) == arr)
    # local_min is a mask that contains the peaks we are
    # looking for, but also the background.
    # In order to isolate the peaks we must remove the background from the mask.
    #
    # we create the mask of the background
    background = (arr==0)
    #
    # a little technicality: we must erode the background in order to
    # successfully subtract it from local_min, otherwise a line will
    # appear along the background border (artifact of the local minimum filter)
    # http://www.scipy.org/doc/api_docs/SciPy.ndimage.morphology.html#binary_erosion
    eroded_background = morphology.binary_erosion(background, structure = neighborhood, border_value = 1)
    #
    # we obtain the final mask, containing only peaks,
    # by removing the background from the local_min mask
    detected_minima = local_min ^ eroded_background
    return np.where(detected_minima)

arr=np.array([[[0,0,0,-1],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[-1,0,0,0]],
              [[0,0,0,0],[0,-1,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,-1],[0,0,0,0]]])
local_minima_locations = detect_local_minima(arr)
print(arr)
# [[[ 0  0  0 -1]
#   [ 0  0  0  0]
#   [ 0  0  0  0]
#   [ 0  0  0  0]
#   [-1  0  0  0]]

#  [[ 0  0  0  0]
#   [ 0 -1  0  0]
#   [ 0  0  0  0]
#   [ 0  0  0 -1]
#   [ 0  0  0  0]]]

print(local_minima_locations)
# (array([0, 0, 1, 1]), array([0, 4, 1, 3]), array([3, 0, 1, 3]))
print(arr[local_minima_locations])
# [-1 -1 -1 -1]