贝叶斯网络实践

主要内容：
朴素贝叶斯的推导和应用
使用马尔可夫模型计算临近点概率
文本数据的处理流程
使用TF-IDF得到文本特征
Word2vec的使用

朴素贝叶斯进行鸢尾花分类

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler, PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB, MultinomialNB
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier


def iris_type(s):
    it = {'Iris-setosa': 0, 'Iris-versicolor': 1, 'Iris-virginica': 2}
    return it[s]


if __name__ == "__main__":
    data = pd.read_csv('D:/ML/iris.data', header=None)
    x, y = data[np.arange(4)], data[4]
    y = pd.Categorical(values=y).codes
    feature_names = '花萼长度', '花萼宽度', '花瓣长度', '花瓣宽度'
    features = [0,2]#用前两个特征做分类
    x = x[features]
    x, x_test, y, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, train_size=0.7, random_state=0)

    priors = np.array((1,2,4), dtype=float)
    priors /= priors.sum()
    gnb = Pipeline([
        ('sc', StandardScaler()),
        ('poly', PolynomialFeatures(degree=1)),
        ('clf', GaussianNB(priors=priors))])    # 由于鸢尾花数据是样本均衡的，其实不需要设置先验值
    # gnb = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3).fit(x, y.ravel())
    gnb.fit(x, y.ravel())
    y_hat = gnb.predict(x)
    print('训练集准确度: %.2f%%' % (100 * accuracy_score(y, y_hat)))
    y_test_hat = gnb.predict(x_test)
    print('测试集准确度：%.2f%%' % (100 * accuracy_score(y_test, y_test_hat)))  # 画图

    N, M = 500, 500     # 横纵各采样多少个值
    x1_min, x2_min = x.min()
    x1_max, x2_max = x.max()
    t1 = np.linspace(x1_min, x1_max, N)
    t2 = np.linspace(x2_min, x2_max, M)
    x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(t1, t2)                    # 生成网格采样点
    x_grid = np.stack((x1.flat, x2.flat), axis=1)   # 测试点

    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['simHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    cm_light = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['#77E0A0', '#FF8080', '#A0A0FF'])
    cm_dark = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['g', 'r', 'b'])
    y_grid_hat = gnb.predict(x_grid)                  # 预测值
    y_grid_hat = y_grid_hat.reshape(x1.shape)
    plt.figure(facecolor='w')
    plt.pcolormesh(x1, x2, y_grid_hat, cmap=cm_light)     # 预测值的显示
    plt.scatter(x[features[0]], x[features[1]], c=y, edgecolors='k', s=50, cmap=cm_dark)
    plt.scatter(x_test[features[0]], x_test[features[1]], c=y_test, marker='^', edgecolors='k', s=120, cmap=cm_dark)

    plt.xlabel(feature_names[features[0]], fontsize=13)
    plt.ylabel(feature_names[features[1]], fontsize=13)
    plt.xlim(x1_min, x1_max)
    plt.ylim(x2_min, x2_max)
    plt.title('GaussianNB对鸢尾花数据的分类结果', fontsize=18)
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.show()

马尔可夫链，即特殊的贝叶斯

# /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
from matplotlib import animation
from PIL import Image


def update(f):
    global loc
    if f == 0:
        loc = loc_prime
    next_loc = np.zeros((m, n), dtype=np.float)
    for i in np.arange(m):
        for j in np.arange(n):
            next_loc[i, j] = calc_next_loc(np.array([i, j]), loc, directions)
    loc = next_loc / np.max(next_loc)
    im.set_array(loc)

    # Save
    if save_image:
        if f % 3 == 0:
            image_data = plt.cm.coolwarm(loc) * 255
            image_data, _ = np.split(image_data, (-1, ), axis=2)
            image_data = image_data.astype(np.uint8).clip(0, 255)
            output = '.\\Pic2\\'
            if not os.path.exists(output):
                os.mkdir(output)
            a = Image.fromarray(image_data, mode='RGB')
            a.save('%s%d.png' % (output, f))
    return [im]


def calc_next_loc(now, loc, directions):
    near_index = np.array([(-1, -1), (-1, 0), (-1, 1),
                  (0, -1), (0, 1),
                  (1, -1), (1, 0), (1, 1)])
    directions_index = np.array([7, 6, 5, 0, 4, 1, 2, 3])
    nn = now + near_index
    ii, jj = nn[:, 0], nn[:, 1]
    ii[ii >= m] = 0
    jj[jj >= n] = 0
    return np.dot(loc[ii, jj], directions[ii, jj, directions_index])#当前位置跟direction做点乘得到下一个位置


if __name__ == '__main__':
    np.set_printoptions(suppress=True, linewidth=300, edgeitems=8)
    np.random.seed(0)

    save_image = False
    style = 'Sin'   # Sin/Direct/Random
    m, n = 50, 100#图象的大小高度、宽度
    directions = np.random.rand(m, n, 8)#默认8邻域

    if style == 'Direct':
        directions[:,:,1] = 10
    elif style == 'Sin':
        x = np.arange(n)
        y_d = np.cos(6*np.pi*x/n)
        theta = np.empty_like(x, dtype=np.int)
        theta[y_d > 0.5] = 1
        theta[~(y_d > 0.5) & (y_d > -0.5)] = 0
        theta[~(y_d > -0.5)] = 7
        directions[:, x.astype(np.int), theta] = 10
    directions[:, :] /= np.sum(directions[:, :])
    print(directions)

    loc = np.zeros((m, n), dtype=np.float)
    loc[int(m/2),int(n/2)] = 1
    loc_prime = np.empty_like(loc)
    loc_prime = loc
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6), facecolor='w')
    im = plt.imshow(loc/np.max(loc), cmap='coolwarm')
    anim = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, update, frames=300, interval=50, blit=True)
    plt.tight_layout(1.5)
    plt.show()

不同分类器对文档进行分类

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import numpy as np
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB, BernoulliNB
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.linear_model import RidgeClassifier
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn import metrics
from time import time
from pprint import pprint
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl

#测试分类器
def test_clf(clf):
    print('分类器：', clf)
    alpha_can = np.logspace(-3, 2, 10)
    model = GridSearchCV(clf, param_grid={'alpha': alpha_can}, cv=5)
    m = alpha_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'alpha'):#岭回归分类器
        model.set_params(param_grid={'alpha': alpha_can})
        m = alpha_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'n_neighbors'):#K近邻分类器
        neighbors_can = np.arange(1, 15)
        model.set_params(param_grid={'n_neighbors': neighbors_can})
        m = neighbors_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'C'):#SVM
        C_can = np.logspace(1, 3, 3)
        gamma_can = np.logspace(-3, 0, 3)
        model.set_params(param_grid={'C':C_can, 'gamma':gamma_can})
        m = C_can.size * gamma_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'max_depth'):#决策树，随机森林
        max_depth_can = np.arange(4, 10)
        model.set_params(param_grid={'max_depth': max_depth_can})
        m = max_depth_can.size
    t_start = time()
    model.fit(x_train, y_train)
    t_end = time()
    t_train = (t_end - t_start) / (5*m)#计算训练时间
    print('5折交叉验证的训练时间为：%.3f秒/(5*%d)=%.3f秒' % ((t_end - t_start), m, t_train))
    print('最优超参数为：', model.best_params_)
    t_start = time()
    y_hat = model.predict(x_test)
    t_end = time()
    t_test = t_end - t_start
    print('测试时间：%.3f秒' % t_test)
    acc = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_hat)
    print('测试集准确率：%.2f%%' % (100 * acc))
    name = str(clf).split('(')[0]
    index = name.find('Classifier')
    if index != -1:
        name = name[:index]     # 去掉末尾的Classifier
    if name == 'SVC':
        name = 'SVM'
    return t_train, t_test, 1-acc, name


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print('开始下载/加载数据...')
    t_start = time()
    # remove = ('headers', 'footers', 'quotes')
    remove = ()
    categories = 'alt.atheism', 'talk.religion.misc', 'comp.graphics', 'sci.space'
    # categories = None     # 若分类所有类别，请注意内存是否够用,下载所有类别
    data_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train', categories=categories, shuffle=True, random_state=0, remove=remove)
    data_test = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='test', categories=categories, shuffle=True, random_state=0, remove=remove)#shuffle是指是否将下载的数据打乱，remove是否将一部分删除
    t_end = time()
    print('下载/加载数据完成，耗时%.3f秒' % (t_end - t_start))
    print('数据类型：', type(data_train))
    print('训练集包含的文本数目：', len(data_train.data))
    print('测试集包含的文本数目：', len(data_test.data))
    print('训练集和测试集使用的%d个类别的名称：' % len(categories))
    categories = data_train.target_names
    pprint(categories)
    y_train = data_train.target
    y_test = data_test.target
    print(' -- 前10个文本 -- ')
    for i in np.arange(10):
        print('文本%d(属于类别 - %s)：' % (i+1, categories[y_train[i]]))
        print(data_train.data[i])
        print('\n\n')
    vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(input='content', stop_words='english', max_df=0.5, sublinear_tf=True)
    x_train = vectorizer.fit_transform(data_train.data)  # x_train是稀疏的，scipy.sparse.csr.csr_matrix
    x_test = vectorizer.transform(data_test.data)
    print('训练集样本个数：%d，特征个数：%d' % x_train.shape)
    print('停止词:\n', end=' ')
    pprint(vectorizer.get_stop_words())
    feature_names = np.asarray(vectorizer.get_feature_names())

    print('\n\n===================\n分类器的比较：\n')
    clfs = (MultinomialNB(),                # 0.87(0.017), 0.002, 90.39%
            BernoulliNB(),                  # 1.592(0.032), 0.010, 88.54%
            KNeighborsClassifier(),         # 19.737(0.282), 0.208, 86.03%
            RidgeClassifier(),              # 25.6(0.512), 0.003, 89.73%
            RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=200),   # 59.319(1.977), 0.248, 77.01%
            SVC()                           # 236.59(5.258), 1.574, 90.10%
            )
    result = []
    for clf in clfs:
        a = test_clf(clf)
        result.append(a)
        print('\n')
    result = np.array(result)
    time_train, time_test, err, names = result.T
    time_train = time_train.astype(np.float)
    time_test = time_test.astype(np.float)
    err = err.astype(np.float)
    x = np.arange(len(time_train))
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['simHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 7), facecolor='w')
    ax = plt.axes()
    b1 = ax.bar(x, err, width=0.25, color='#77E0A0')
    ax_t = ax.twinx()
    b2 = ax_t.bar(x+0.25, time_train, width=0.25, color='#FFA0A0')
    b3 = ax_t.bar(x+0.5, time_test, width=0.25, color='#FF8080')
    plt.xticks(x+0.5, names)
    plt.legend([b1[0], b2[0], b3[0]], ('错误率', '训练时间', '测试时间'), loc='upper left', shadow=True)
    plt.title('新闻组文本数据不同分类器间的比较', fontsize=18)
    plt.xlabel('分类器名称')
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.tight_layout(2)
    plt.show()

示例寻找几个词中的不同词

# etc/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-

from time import time
from gensim.models import Word2Vec
import sys
import os
import imp


#imp.reload(sys)
#sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')


class LoadCorpora(object):
    def __init__(self, s):
        self.path = s

    def __iter__(self):
        f = open(self.path,'rb')
        for line in f:
            yield line.decode().split(' ')


def print_list(a):
    for i, s in enumerate(a):
        if i != 0:
            print('+', end=' ')
        print(s, end=' ')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    if not os.path.exists('news.model'):
        sentences = LoadCorpora('news.dat')
        t_start = time()
        model = Word2Vec(sentences, size=200, min_count=5, workers=8)  # 词向量维度为200，丢弃出现次数少于5次的词
        model.save('news.model')
        print('OK:', time() - t_start)

    model = Word2Vec.load('news.model')
    print('词典中词的个数：', len(model.wv.vocab))
    for i, word in enumerate(model.wv.vocab):
        print(word, end=' ')
        if i % 25 == 24:
            print()
    print()

    intrested_words = ('中国', '手机', '学习', '人民', '名义')
    print('特征向量：')
    for word in intrested_words:
        print(word, len(model[word]), model[word])
    for word in intrested_words:
        result = model.most_similar(word)
        print('与', word, '最相近的词：')
        for w, s in result:
            print('\t', w, s)

    words = ('中国', '祖国', '毛泽东', '人民')
    for i in range(len(words)):
        w1 = words[i]
        for j in range(i+1, len(words)):
            w2 = words[j]
            print('%s 和 %s 的相似度为：%.6f' % (w1, w2, model.similarity(w1, w2)))

    print('========================')
    opposites = ((['中国', '城市'], ['学生']),
                 (['男', '工作'], ['女']),
                 (['俄罗斯', '美国', '英国'], ['日本']))
    for positive, negative in opposites:
        result = model.most_similar(positive=positive, negative=negative)
        print_list(positive)
        print('-', end=' ')
        print_list(negative)
        print('：')
        for word, similar in result:
            print('\t', word, similar)

    print('========================')
    words_list = ('苹果 三星 美的 海尔', '中国 日本 韩国 美国 北京',
                  '医院 手术 护士 医生 感染 福利', '爸爸 妈妈 舅舅 爷爷 叔叔 阿姨 老婆')
    for words in words_list:
        print(words, '离群词：', model.doesnt_match(words.split(' ')))